Book Review: Soft Skills for Success

Author informationGRK Murty, a postgraduate in Agricultural sciences with CAIIB, DM and PG Diploma in Personnel Management and Industrial Relations, is currently working for The ICFAI University, as Associate Dean. Earlier, he worked at AP Agricultural University, Hyderabad for six years and later with Bank of India for 27 years. He had a stint at Bank of India Management Development Institute, Mumbai as a faculty member and Vice- Principal. He took voluntary retirement as Asst. General Manager in the year 2000.He has published around 45 papers in Science, Banking, Management and Insurance journals. He has also presented papers on Banking and Insurance at National and International seminars. He has published 100 articles in finance and HR magazines. He has to his credit two edited books: Forex Markets: Exchange Rate Dynamics; and Derivatives Markets – Vol 1. He is the Consulting Editor for the ICFAI Journal of Bank Management.The Book There is a popular belief that in todayâ⠂¬â„¢s fast changing and challenging business environment, ‘soft skills’ are more critical for success than hard skills. This is a misconception. The reality is that it has always been that way! Nobody in history ever succeeded in delivering a great executive and business performance consistently through hard skills alone. General and widespread awareness of the tremendous importance of soft skills in management is, of course, a more recent phenomenon. As the world has become  more and more competitive in recent decades, organizations are finding that under-productivity and incompetence of their personnel are becoming less and less affordable.And when the factors determining employee effectiveness are analyzed, many organizations find glaring inadequacies in soft skills, undermining the effectiveness of their smartest, hardest working and most knowledgeable employees/executives. The managers concerned would not have been recruited in the first place for their soft ski lls; at the recruitment stage, their domain knowledge alone would have been comprehensively tested and retested. Nor would they have received any particularly meaningful training subsequently in soft skills improvement, because until recently, soft skills seldom received the attention they deserved. Most organizations worked on the premise that soft skills are inherited skills and they cannot be acquired.At best, they can only be cultivated, honed or fine-tuned along the way in a managerial or executive career through observation and experience. In the actual experience of many organizations, such hopes seem to have been significantly belied, inevitably warranting resort, in recent decades, to a more professional approach for the enrichment of this critically important managerial input within the organization. The imperatives of competitiveness pushed organizations to give increased attention to the soft skills of their people, which seemed to really script the success of organizati ons better than mere hard skills. The problem has been extensively discussed and researched upon, resulting in the emergence of a whole lot of literature on the subject in the last couple of decades.A lot of work has been done on the assessment of soft skills and on the various measures for improvements in the levels of such skills across the cadres in many progressive organizations. Soft Skills for Success by GRK Murty, discusses the whole gamut of soft skills in a lucid, persuasive and self-explanatory fashion, between the covers of a well-written, 200-page volume. The treatment is intended for the lay reader and is quite free from jargon. Even so, the book is comprehensive without being pedantic. By drawing generously upon the views, ideas and thoughts of a wide spectrum of management experts, academics and business magnates and matching them with the traditional wisdom of the prescriptions of oriental and occidental scriptures and classics, the book invests itself with credibili ty and authority. The author organizes the book in four sections.The first section  titled â€Å"Know Thyself† introduces the reader to a definition and description of soft skills. The second section focuses on role, role perception and the management of role-conflicts in the work situation. It has a chapter exclusively dedicated to the discussion of creativity in the workplace. The third section on â€Å"Communication and Personality Differentiation† offers cogent and well argued essays on communication skills, listening skills and negotiating skills, in separate chapters. The fourth and final section is dedicated to interpersonal skills. The six interesting chapters in this section deal with issues like assertiveness, handling of interpersonal conflicts, counseling, leadership, mentoring, etc.CriticismThe author provides a systematic and uncomplicated treatment of the various topics taken up for coverage. The book is compact without being dense, and takes the reade r through a guided tour of the soft skills domain. It is an interesting and informative excursion. Given the importance of the subject matter of the book to the aspirants in the employment market as also to those already pursuing careers in management (adequately equipped with appropriate hard skills for jobs but looking out for reinforcement of soft skills), and given the orderly and stimulating manner in which the subject has been presented, it can fairly and safely be predicted that the book would see several reprints in the years to come.ConclusionSoft Skills are intangible, hard to define but that’s what makes us a whole human being, a social individual. Successful people are always found to be not just professional but they also have these ‘PLUS’ qualities – ‘soft skills’ – that others do not posses

Too Big To Fail

The idea that a business has become so large and ingrained in the economy that the government will provide assistance to prevent its failure. â€Å"Too big to fail† describes the belief that if an enormous company fails, it will have a disastrous ripple effect through shout the economy. The idea of too big to fail should never be possible. No single financial institute should have the power of bringing down our entire economy. The taxpayers should not have to be worried about whether or not their money is safe. There obviously has been a lack of leadership going wrought the economic system.If there were strong leaders put in place originally to deal with this situation, then so many things could have been prevented. A crisis that nearly destroyed our nation would have never even made it to the surface. I blame the lack of leadership for the economical scare. The worlds leaders should have been containing the problem as it started instead of allowing it to get that big and pote ntially blowing up. Fannies Mae and Freddie Mac could have been saved. But instead each bank was focused on their own needs which is understandable and appropriate.But since they were intertwined so heavily was no longer an option. These institutes should have kept their distance to prevent something from happening. Our economical leaders should have practiced better leadership skills and not but all our dollars in one basket. Because just like in 2008, if any piece of that basket were to break or be destroyed we all would go down. The buyout may have worked this time, but that is simple a patch on the service of our overall problem. Get some strong leaders in those seats and all these problem might just go away. Too Big To Fail The idea that a business has become so large and ingrained in the economy that the government will provide assistance to prevent its failure. â€Å"Too big to fail† describes the belief that if an enormous company fails, it will have a disastrous ripple effect through shout the economy. The idea of too big to fail should never be possible. No single financial institute should have the power of bringing down our entire economy. The taxpayers should not have to be worried about whether or not their money is safe. There obviously has been a lack of leadership going wrought the economic system.If there were strong leaders put in place originally to deal with this situation, then so many things could have been prevented. A crisis that nearly destroyed our nation would have never even made it to the surface. I blame the lack of leadership for the economical scare. The worlds leaders should have been containing the problem as it started instead of allowing it to get that big and pote ntially blowing up. Fannies Mae and Freddie Mac could have been saved. But instead each bank was focused on their own needs which is understandable and appropriate.But since they were intertwined so heavily was no longer an option. These institutes should have kept their distance to prevent something from happening. Our economical leaders should have practiced better leadership skills and not but all our dollars in one basket. Because just like in 2008, if any piece of that basket were to break or be destroyed we all would go down. The buyout may have worked this time, but that is simple a patch on the service of our overall problem. Get some strong leaders in those seats and all these problem might just go away.

Anatomy, Physiology and of the Integumentary and Lymphatic Systems In Essay

Anatomy, Physiology and of the Integumentary and Lymphatic Systems In Conjunction with the Immune System - Essay Example The inner core is keratin, while the outer layer is a single layer of overlaid flat cells (Gale, 2005, Hair section). All integumentary external cells, of nails, hair, and skin, are dead cells. This is because new cells are generated beneath the surface; this process pushes the dead cells towards the outside. This process is easiest to discuss through an anatomical dissection of the skin into it's three layers: the epidermis, the dermis, and the subcutaneous layers. The epidermis is composed of multiple layers of epithelial cells, which are extremely flat and range from two extremes. The outermost layer is entirely dead and made entirely of keratin, which is tightly joined so as to be waterproof. The innermost layer, consists of basal and melanocyte cells: the former produces keratin; the latter, melanin. Beneath these layers lies the live cells of the dermis, which produces all of the accessory features, contain the nerve fibers and blood vessels, and is constructed of fibrous proteins of collagen combined with connective tissue. The dermis is much thicker than the epidermis and is anchored to the muscles by the subcutaneous layer (Gale, 2005, Epidermis and Dermis sections). Farabee ( 2001a) notes that "Skin functions include protection, regulation of body temperature, sensory reception, water balance, synthesis of vitamins and hormones, and absorption of materials." The external layer both prevents excessive water loss while allowing the body to cool itself via sweat glands and the process of evaporation. The glands contract when the body has cooled. Other glands secrete acidic solutions to the skin surface to prevent fungus growth. Sebaceous (oil) glands secrete a mixture of fatty proteins both through hair follicles and directly to the skin surface. These oils prevent the dead hair and skin cells from drying out, while simultaneously killing bacteria on the skin surface (Gale, 2005, Sebaceous glands section). The epidermal melanocytes help prevent harm from UV radiation by producing melanin - it is this pigment which gives the skin both it's coloring and it's ability to darken (Gale, 2005, Epidermis section). The dermis sends nutrients to the epidermis through extended capillaries into the basal cells called dermal papillae. The dermal papillae result in looped ridges on the outer surface, i.e. fingerprints and similar markings. The sweat glands of the dermis are divided into two categories: the eccrine and the apocrine (Gale, 2005, Dermis section). The first are the sweat gland found all over the body, the second refers particular sweat glands found in the armpit, groin, and nipple area. The apocrine are normally larger glands which empty out into hair follicles; their production attracts a bacteria which produces what is generally termed 'body odor'. The dermis layer also contains the hair follicles (attached to pili muscles), and sensory receptors, which communicate information of temperature or pressure to the brain, thus allowing the brain to process external information (Gale, 2005, Hair and Sensory Reception sections). The lymphatic system mimics the circulatory system: it is a system of tubes that spread throughout the body anywhere the blood is carried. Plasma from the blood washes

Drug testing ( stated int he attachment for more info) Research Paper

Drug testing ( stated int he attachment for more info) - Research Paper Example Mandatory testing has been done especially in industries of public transport and those involving public safety. Many organizations insist on drug testing before recruiting employees. In the contemporary era, it has become a necessary procedure of employment, to the extent that any job candidate that does not wish to donate himself for such test is ‘ab initio’ disqualified for the job. Hence, it becomes questionable if the organization is not using the employees as means to an end. The ethical issue of drug testing in selecting lies in the principle of privacy. The ethical principal of privacy states that the individual have the right to his private life without any interference whether from another individual and the state. Universally, the individual is imbued with the natural right to his privacy. This simply means that no body, whether corporate or individual has the right to probe the privacy of an individual. Some people argue that this right is not absolute; that when the issue in question affects the general public, the right might be re-considered. This might be the caveat in which the principle of drug testing in selection rests. Another ethical principle that sequels the right to privacy is the principle of autonomy. Every individual has autonomy as a person. The autonomy which an individual has is assumed to be above any other issue. The principle of autonomy which the individual has stems from the ethical principle of Human Dignity and right in the community. The conflict is indeed between the organizations goal to make money through business and the employee’s right to his private life. Is it morally right for the organization to invade the privacy of the employee’s to maximize profits? There are many voices in this regard. Hence, the nagging issue is the ethical principle in various workplaces can be

Organisational behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Organisational behaviour - Essay Example For instance, a leader is a person with charismatic qualities, vision, critical thinking skills, encourager, team member, and ability to look into future. Indeed, the aforementioned attributes enable a person to lead his / her organisation and ensure a harmonised and shared value-based internal culture. Leadership refers to the capability of strategic planners, policy- and decision – makers to direct employees / organisation to accomplish business plans and mission. In addition, leadership is all about identifying potential in employees, to polish individual abilities and to train them in a way they could portray optimal performance and achieve defined targets. Idris & Ali (2008) had thrown light over the fact that leadership helps a business organisation in gaining competitive advantage by ‘out – performing’ rivals in the same business sector. For this purpose, the leaders keep themselves updated about general and task environment, which is then analysed a nd evaluated for new policy formulation, modifications and amendments in existing policies. The internal managerial structure could be adjusted to ensure greater flexibility, mutual accountability and adaptability, which later enhances internal efficiency and performance. Chan (2010) has argued that business success and sustainability of an enterprise is dependent on the strengths and leadership qualities of strategic planners and top management. He highlighted that there are various leadership styles such as â€Å"autocratic (which focuses on internal control and stability), bureaucratic (it is more democratic in nature but also pays special attention to task accomplishment and overall performances), laissez-faire (which focuses on extreme level of flexibility, tolerance and adaptability to changes), democratic (which focuses on employee empowerment, continuous learning and experimentation), participative (focuses on enhancing employee contribution and participation in business af fairs through mutual collaboration, interaction and communication), situational, transactional, and more recently transformational† styles. This paper will throw light in detail over Transformational Leadership and Path – Goal Leadership approaches. The researcher will critically evaluate and compare the strengths and limitations of two different approaches to theorising leadership as sources of prescription for good managerial practice in organisations. In other words, the researcher will assess how the concepts and understandings of two aforementioned leadership theoretical approaches will help strategic planners to formulate and implement good managerial practices that would benefit in conflict resolution, internal peace, socio – emotional and instrumental cohesion and harmony, low absenteeism and employee turnover rates, high motivational level, job commitment and timely achievement of goals. The researcher has chosen the Path – Goal Leadership approac h because it focuses on task / performance and relationship – orientation as both are quite necessary for overall organisational success. For instance, the approach was developed after contributions of many renowned theorists during 1970s and 1980s such as Robert House, Ralph Kartz, Yukl, Shamir, R. Mitchell and other authors (House, 1996). In addition, the researcher has also chosen Transformational Leadership theory, a relatively new approach, which focuses on to

The Afterlife and Heaven Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Afterlife and Heaven - Term Paper Example This essay considers the nature of heaven and the afterlife from the Catholic and the Jewish perspectives. The Catholic perception of heaven is well conceived and highly articulate. The Catholic version and understanding of heaven comes largely from the New Testament of the Bible, however it is referenced in the Old Testament. While there is no clearly defined version of heave, as the apostle writers of the Gospels all conceived it from slightly different perspectives, its clear that there are a number of unifying features. Physically heaven is said to the area that exists above the clouds in the blue firmament. As early as Genesis the Bible makes reference to this aspect of Heaven. Genesis indicates that the bird fly under the, â€Å"firmament of heaven† (Genesis, 1:20). In other books of the Bible there are slightly different connotations. For instance, in other areas of the Bible heaven is indicated to be the area of the sky where the stars reside. One notes in these definition the ancient understanding of the physical world, as the indications of heaven within these regions ar e now well explored and realized areas of the contemporary world. Still, one can begin to understand that the Catholic perspective of heaven presents it as a lofty and high region that is forever out of the reach and realization of earthly mortals. The interior envisionment of heaven has a number of characterizations as well. Within the Catholic religion one of the most pervasive elements of the interior aspects of heaven are that it is replete with angels. Another traditional articulation of heaven, including its containment of angels is that it houses the souls of just individuals. Indeed, this aspect of salvation is one of the cornerstone aspects of not merely the Catholic religion, but the Christian faith. In these regards, its historically been a much debated aspect within

Supply chain strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Supply chain strategy - Essay Example Supply chain strategy calls for alignment of the strategy of the business house with that of suppliers, distributors and even customers to have improvements in operations, shipping and logistics. However supply chain management have gained significant importance in the recent past, it has its own complexities and challenges. The supply chain management is complex due to its organic nature and the boundaries of its stability are not defined. The lack of visibility and inability to identify constraints leads to issues like increased cost, time and risks. Also managing bottlenecks is a major issue in supply chain management. Thus there is a constant need of models that can comprehend the complexities and provide a better visibility of the supply chain management. There is a need for developing better processes for standards and also the need for international e-commerce, e-business and e-supply (Birchak, n.d.). The British Army is considered to be one of the most reputed armies in the world because of their discipline. Apart from fulfilling their duties of protecting their own country they have also been involved in some major operations to help build a safer world in places like Balkans, Gulf, East Timor, Afghanistan and Iraq. Due to their huge presence globally there is an inherent need of the latest supply chain management techniques that would deliver the right ammunitions and resources at the right place and of course with military precision timing. Thus the role of supply chain management is huge in the British Army (Army, n.d.). E-Supply chain is driven by the internet enabled information and is significance in the global arena. Supply chain visibility is necessary requisite for e-supply chain. The visibility can be achieved by integrating the information system of all the supply chain partners. By automating the supply chain greater productivity can be achieved

Argument For Legalization of Gay Marriage Essay

Argument For Legalization of Gay Marriage - Essay Example Although most people do not support the legalization of gay marriage, this treatise argues that it ought to be legalized since it is their civil right, which is entirely different from religious beliefs. As the paper unfolds, reasons given by critics on why gay marriage should not be legalized will be counterattacked by supporting arguments. Same-sex couples should be treated equally and allowed full benefits of marriage without being seen as inferior or immoral as they help in adopting children, bringing up open-minded children, contributing financially through taxation, and due to the fact that failing to support them is a direct violation of their human rights. Discussion It is the contention of this treatise that gay marriage should be legalized because of the numerous benefits that come with it. For instance, same-sex marriages help in ensuring that cases of children adoption are heightened. Critics argue that gay marriages promote immorality among children who end up following similar routes (White 241-242). However, this is a baseless and fallacious argument, considering that gay marriage helps in ensuring that homeless children get loving families who can take care of them just like other children coming from straight family backgrounds. Additionally, the choice to be gay is optional and not imposed on anyone. Therefore, alleging that the act promotes immorality as children adopted end up being gay is an irrational argument that should not be put into consideration. It should be noted that gay marriage helps in encouraging solid family values as it leads to an increased number of children adopted. Additionally, most people argue that gay marriages ought not to be legalized since it goes against the moral as well as the definition of marriage. They also allege that it ends up destroying the sanctity of a society and family values. Others go ahead to allege that it is against religious ideologies such as Islam and Catholicism (Andryszwski 33-34). However, this is an equally unfounded point considering that religious and civil marriages are separate institutions. Today, most couples do not require religious leaders to be present in their wedding; therefore, the grounds of law and religion are two separate entities. Furthermore, though religious beliefs are important, it is to be understood that not all people are religious or believe in the doctrines of the church. Therefore, failing to support such groups is a direct violation of their freedom. Though most people strongly believe that children need both parents, the American Psychological Association claims that girls who are raised without the support of their fathers are at high risk of getting involved in sexual activities (American Psychological Association). Additionally, critics often argue that gay households do not offer an appropriate environment for raising children. Again, this is rather a biased, baseless, and irrational observation as studies carried out on children rai sed from same-sex households’ shows that children from such families feel empathetic and open-minded as compared to other children (DeMotier). This is because the quality of family relationships is more crucial among those children than the structure. Additionally, according to the Human Rights Campaign Foundation, children who are raised by gay families perform just as well as those raised by straight families (Knox and Schacht 263).

Live Theatre performance Review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Live Theatre performance Review - Assignment Example Summary of the Play The plot of the play is based on a story by Agatha Christie revolving on a murder mystery. It began showing in 1952 and till now has been playing repeatedly in West London and other numerous cities and countries including the USA. The play is based on two acts. The first act is based on two scenes, with the first scene being titled as The Great Hall, Late Afternoon, where four guests arrive at the Monkswell Manor. A murder has been reported in the local paper and with the arrival of the fifth stranger; these guests grow uneasy as they become stranded in the snow. The next scene is titled as ‘The Same, The following day after lunch’ where conflicts between the guests increase and Sergeant Trotter comes to inform about the murderer at loose. Even as the guests began fearing each other, one of them is murdered. The second and last act of the play is titled, ‘The Same, Ten Minutes Later’ and in this act the identity of the murderer is reveale d after investigations conducted by Sergeant Trotter. The play ends in a weird twist where one finds that Sergeant Trotter himself is the actual murderer. Critique Acting The actors of the play were seasoned actors who have already done acting for many other plays. For this reason, they were quite believable and had the power of conviction towards their roles. The actor, Matt Patton who played the role of Christopher Wren was my favorite. The reason behind this was the way Patton allowed his own distinctive personality to be obvious in the role of Christopher Wren, without affecting the credibility of the character. Patton made quite an impression on the audience despite his small role in the actual play. Another actor worth commenting was Candyce Hinkle who played the role of the passionate Mrs. Boyle. Hinkle developed a good understanding of the character and she induced the spirit in the play that is specially needed for theatre performances. Hinkle brought the required spirit in the play through her intense body language which stole the limelight from the rest of the characters to a certain extent. Also Hinkle was able to perfectly manage the articulation and volume of her script so that her character became more believable as ever. Sergeant Trotter played by Don Bolinger was also one of my favorites. This was because Bolinger was as believable as a sergeant as he was as a murderer. The body language and gestures lend credibility to the actor as a whole. However, there were few actors who failed to give their best to the script. One of them was Eric Harrison who played the role of Major Metcalf. Eric Harrison was not able to develop his distinctive personality in such a short time and remained in the background on account of the acting skills of Mrs. Boyle who overshadowed Major Metcalf. The Design The set of the play is one of the most important aspects of the play. Since the play was written in 1952, the director and set designer had to relate to that ti me period. They did their best to incorporate a general theme of that era but to a certain extent they failed as modern objects were also placed in the set, including the decoration pieces. One could easy feel that the director placed more importance on the actual acting rather than the set design of the play. The director however was able to use the lights properly to convey the mood of the play. The play required intense dark lights at certain point while at other times a bright halo had to cast such as at

Mussolini's Ousting from Power in July 1943 Essay

Mussolini's Ousting from Power in July 1943 - Essay Example Hitler was facing a crucial strategic problem of opposing the Allies’ evident reentry in Europe – territories conquered by Germany were so immense (from France’s west coast to Greece’s east coast), that it was practically impossible for him to gauge the place the Allies were going to strike next. On the other hand, the wide choice of possible objectives and the superior sea power were the crucial strategic advantages of the Allies.Having lost its forces in Africa, only 10 Italian divisions and 2 German panzer units were available for the Axis in the middle of summer 1943. â€Å"The Allies, meanwhile, were preparing to throw some 478,000 men into the island – 150,000 of them in the first three days of the invasion.† The air superiority of the Allies in the Mediterranean theatre was also great by that time, â€Å"more than 4,000 aircraft against some 1,500 German and Italian ones† (â€Å"Sicily and the Fall of Mussolini, July-August 194 3†, 1999).So, on 10th of July 1943 Allies’ troops invaded Sicily from the sea. The coastal territories, guided mainly by Sicilians, were given up fast enough due to the unwillingness of Italians to let their motherland be turned into a battlefield to suit Germany’s interests. In only three first days of the invasion, the British forces had been able to clear the whole southeastern part of Sicily. Then the British moved toward Messina taking a circuitous route around Mount Etna while the Americans moved in an eastward direction and occupied Palermo in the west of the northern coast on 22nd of July.

Check Your Understanding Essay Example for Free

Check Your Understanding Essay 2. A principal-agent relationships involves the owners (principals) delegating decision-making authority to managers (agents). A conflict occurs when the agents pursue acceptable levels of shareholder wealth and profit rather than a maximization of profit. They are pursuing their own self-interests. One way that the agents act in their own self-interests would be by focusing on long-term job security. This could cause the agents to limit the amount of risk taken by the firm. The firm may have an opportunity that is considered a riskier venture that could produce high profits if successful. If the venture proves to be unsuccessful, then the agent is at risk of dismissal. Therefore, the agent may avoid taking advantage of that opportunity. This may also impact decisions concerning diversification and the nature of the cash flow. The actions of the agents are impacted by their compensation package, threat of dismissal, and the threat of a takeover by new owners. In order to mitigate agency problems, agents can receive either cash compensation or long-term incentives. The issue with immediate cash compensation is that it can further promote an agent to act in his or her own self-interest. For example, agents may choose a path of diversification that will result in immediate earnings. This could inflate the quarterly earnings that are directly tied to the agents’ executive bonuses that quarter, but hurt the profitability of the company and the value of the stock in the long-run. In addition, the cash compensation could work to take away from resources that could be used in the advancement of other areas of the company in order to promote growth in the company. Long-term incentives would be a better way to reward agents in order to align their interests with the interests of the principals. These incentives include restricted or deferred stock, as well as long-term performance based payments. If an agent owned stock in the company, then maximizing shareholder wealth would be the same as maximizing his own wealth. The agent would want the company to succeed so that he or she could benefit from its success. In addition, long-term performance based rewards could motivate the agent to make decisions that will pay off in the future instead of trying to produce instant results. The decisions made would promote the growth of the company rather than the growth of short-term bonuses (McGuigan, Moyer, Harris, 2011, pp.10-11). 3. Executive bonuses are often directly linked to corporate profitability. If there is a decline in profitability in the overall marketplace, then the performance percentage used to trigger executive bonuses would be affected. Therefore, if corporate profitability declined by 20 percent, then the percentage used to trigger executive bonuses should also decline by 20 percent. However, this may not be the best option if profitability is declining because it would allow the manager a greater ability to receive a bonus even in tough economic times. This could take away from resources that the company needs in order to try to remain profitable or competitive during these times. Therefore, the owners should keep the performance trigger the same or decrease it by half of the percentage that the corporate profitability declined. This may help the managers to try to find inventive ways to still reach that percentage so that they can still receive a bonus. This could be seen as a motivator. On the other hand, this would also mean that that managers’ total performance based compensation could decrease or be eliminated altogether. This could create issues with hiring and retaining the best managers. Many companies attract and retain exceptional executives based on the benefits package that includes bonuses and other perks. A company that is unwilling to adjust the performance trigger associated with executive bonuses may have difficulty attracting managers with the desired qualifications and experience. In addition, the managers hired may choose to only stay long enough to gain work experience and improve their resume before leaving to join a company with a more desirable bonus structure. A company has to find a way to achieve a balance between rewarding managers to the point that it is detrimental to the company and finding a way to maximize the wealth of the shareholders. 6. The goal of shareholder wealth maximization model is to maximize the return to shareholders, and it is measured by the value of the firm’s common stock. It is also concerned with minimizing the risk to the shareholders’ bonuses. The model looks at the present value of all expected future cash flows (McGuigan, Moyer, Harris, 2011, p.8). a) New foreign competitors: This has the potential to decrease the value of the firm and could impact the future cash flows of a company. The introduction of competition in the marketplace can affect the profitability of a company. The level of the decrease in value would depend on the involvement of the firm in global markets and the level of competition. b) Strict pollution control: This has the potential to decrease the value of the firm if the firm cannot adapt to the changes in requirements. If the firm allows the stricter requirements to hamper production, then the value of the firm would decrease. However, if the firm has planned for this threat by having flexibility when making business plans or creating new technology to take advantage of the Go Green movement, then there is an opportunity to increase the value of the firm. c) Unionization: This would decrease the value of the firm. Unionization would create an increase in risk that involves the ability to achieve operational efficiency. There would be a threat of union strikes that could delay or stop the production of products. This would create uncertainty and could affect future cash flows. d) Increase in inflation rate: In the shareholder wealth maximization model, an increase in inflation rates would be a factor that is out of the manager’s control and influences the price of a stock. Inflation would increase the cost of goods and services, while decreasing the purchasing power of money. An increase in inflation would decrease the value of a firm. If a company has the inability to purchase the same amount of goods with its money, then there is an increase in money spent in order to get the same amount of goods. Increased spending affects cash flows and would decrease the value of the firm. e) Reduced production costs through technology: This would increase the value of the firm. The reduction in the production costs would increase the overall profit. In addition, it has the potential to create more resources within the firm. The extra money from reduced costs could be used to improve other areas of the business in order to grow the business. This has the potential to increase future cash flows, which adds value to the company.

The Family and Medical Leave Act Essay Example for Free

The Family and Medical Leave Act Essay The Family and Medical Leave Act sets regulations for job-protected leave related to family and medical reasons. FMLA applies to organizations with 50 or more employees working within 75 miles of the employee’s worksite (â€Å"Employment Laws,† n.d., para. 6). Employees who have been with their current employer for 12 months and who have worked 1250 hours of service in the previous 12 months are eligible for 12 weeks of unpaid leave through FMLA (â€Å"Eligibility Requirements,† Revised 2013). FMLA covers the following leave reasons: The birth of a child, or the placement of an adopted or foster child. A serious health condition that makes the employee unable to perform the essential functions of their job. To care for a spouse, child or parent with a serious health condition. A â€Å"qualifying exigency† arising out of a covered family member’s active duty or call to active duty in the armed forced. To care for a covered family member who has suffered an injury or illness while on active duty. Employees must be restored to their position or equivalent position when returning from leave (â€Å"Benefits and Protections,† Revised 2013). The use of accrued paid leave can be determined by individual organizations, but should be documented in a policy. It is important for an organization to create a leave policy that complies with FMLA and be consistent when applying the policy. The Family and Medical Leave Act can provide stability to employees, but can be tricky to administer. Company X needs to consider a few factors to ensure FMLA compliance. Paternal leave is included under FMLA, so Company X was in compliance when they granted leave to Employee A (assuming the employee has also worked a minimum of 1250 hours). Employee A was eligible for 12 weeks of leave, but voluntarily decided to return early. FMLA does not require Company X to pay Employee A while on leave, denying that request was also in compliance with the law. Company X met the FMLA requirements, allowing Employee A to return to the same position with the same rate of pay. My conclusion is that Company X has not violated FMLA requirements. I would recommend Company X create a policy that documents FMLA procedures and clarifies what to expect while on leave (salary and benefits). Situation B As Human Resources professionals, it is key to be mindful of protected job classes, particularly age. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 was put in place to protect workers over 40 years of age. The ADEA applies to employers with more than 20 employees and applies to all aspects of employment, including hiring, firing, promotion, layoff, compensation, benefits, job assignments and training (â€Å"Facts About Age Discrimination,† Revised 2008). Since the ADEA applies to the hiring process as well as the term of employment, employers are not allowed to ask for date of birth in any pre-hire process. There are a couple of exceptions to the law. Employees may waive their right to the act as long as the ADEA guidelines are met. In certain situations, high level executives may be asked to retire at 65 and for jobs with bona fide occupational qualifications employers may discriminate based on age (â€Å"Exceptions to the ADEA,† 2007). An example of this would be a modeling agency hiring for an ad that promotes children’s clothing. Based off of the information provided, Company X is in clear violation of the ADEA. Employee B is over 40 and therefore in a protected job class. Unless they have reason to justify their decision, employee B has a clear case for discrimination. Since employee B has higher performance and longer tenure, the promotion should have been granted. My recommendation to Company X is to create a documented policy the outlines what factors are used in promotions and rank employees accordingly. In my opinion, performance should always be first. Other factors to consider could be attendance/accountability, education and seniority. If company X followed this policy, there would be no question of age discrimination. Situation C The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 prohibits job discrimination against people with disabilities. The ADA applies to all terms of recruitment and employment for employers with 15 or more employees (â€Å"ADA Questions and Answers,† (Revised 2009). Under the ADA, it is illegal to discriminate against qualified individuals and requires employers to make reasonable accommodations to ensure individuals with disabilities can perform the essential functions of their job. Reasonable accommodations are modifications or adjustments to the work environment that would allow someone the ability to do their job (â€Å"ADA Questions and Answers,† (Revised  2009). Reasonable accommodations may not bring undue hardship to an employer or require significant difficulty or expense. When complying with the ADA, job descriptions will help provide an outline of essentials functions of a job. In order to know if someone is able to perform the essential functions, a job description must be documented. Assuming that Applicant C was the most qualified candidate, Company X would be in violation of the ADA for denying employment. Since Applicant C is able to perform the essential functions of the position with one modification to the office, it would be discriminatory to disqualify the candidate. An additional elevator keypad would not cause operational harm to the organization and cannot be considered undue hardship. My recommendation to Company X would be to make the necessary adjustments and ultimately, hire the best candidate for the job. References ADA Questions and Answers. (Revised 2009). American with Disabilities online. Retrieved May 27, 2014 from http://www.ada.gov/qaeng02.htm Benefits and Protections. (Revised 2013). United States Department of Labor online. Retrieved May 27, 2014 from http://www.dol.gov/whd/regs/compliance/posters/fmlaen.pdf Eligibility Requirements. (Revised 2013). United States Department of Labor online. Retrieved May 27, 2014 from http://www.dol.gov/whd/regs/compliance/posters/fmlaen.pdf Employment Laws. (n.d.). United states Department of Labor online. Retrieved May 27, 2014 from http://www.dol.gov/odep/pubs/fact/employ.htm Exceptions to the ADEA. (2007). Human Resources BLOG. Retrieved on May 27, 2014 from http://www.humanresourceblog.com/2007/09/10/exceptions-to-the-adea/ Facts About Age Discrimination. (Revised 2008). EEOC online. Retrieved May 27, 2014 from http://www.eeoc.gov/facts/age.html

Challenges in Predicting Terrorism

Challenges in Predicting Terrorism Evaluate the claim that however thoroughly the security manager plans and prepares, acts of terrorism are always unpredictable and this makes terrorism a form of risk that is ultimately impossible to manage. - Despite being unpredictable, the consequences of terrorism can be sufficiently contained by thorough planning and preparation. It would be impossible for a security manager at whatever level, in the government or the private sector, to eliminate every risk. Clearly, our human ability to foresee every type of terrorist attack is limited. Also, from a financial point of view, there would be a strain on the public purse to put in place a contingency plan for every eventuality. The new threat of ‘global terrorism’ however is a reality so the security mangers must focus principally on civil protection and business continuity. It is also true that perception plays a major role when implementing prevention measures as the security manager’s view of risk could differ substantially from that of the public. There is a clear codependency between the perception and management of risk. Risk is a fluid concept and cannot be sufficiently identified or labelled as it depends on the context and the perception of people at any one time. In assessing the management of terrorism we must come to a consensus on what are ‘acts of terrorism’. The League of Nation’s definition reads, ‘All criminal acts directed against a state and intended or calculated to create a state of terror in the minds of particular persons or group of persons or the general public.’ The UK terrorism Act 2000[1] provides this definition, ‘The use or threat of action that is designed to influence the government or to intimidate the public or a section of the public within or outside the United Kingdom’ A security manager would therefore have to be aware that although a terrorist group often have a political agenda, the target for terrorist activity are members of the public and therefore harming innocent civilians and disruption of day to day affairs is a likely consequence. Constant planning, preparation and implementation of security measures are the only antidote to such calculated and sporadic violence. Sociological theories- Rational Choice and Psychopathology A security manager in the government or the private sector must also be aware of why people commit terrorist acts in order to inform proper planning. In considering this social scientists have sided with either the rational choice or the psychopathological theories. The psychopathological theory is that terrorists are psychopaths so although they think logically when planning and committing violent acts they are still irrational actors. It is debateable as to how far this goes in explaining the galvanising of thousands of supporters of different ages across various countries which comprises the organisation known as Al Qaeda. It is clear that this organisation has as its members those that are well educated and otherwise well respected in society. The level of sophistication of the attacks also points to a high level of planning and worldwide participation. The rational choice theorists hold that a terrorist is a rational actor who makes a decision to become involved in acts of terrorism due to environmental factors. It would therefore be safe to say there are combinations of irrational and rational reasons why people become terrorists. Terrorism today Terrorism is by its nature multifaceted and no one cause is predominant rather interrelated factors are at play. This would explain why no one definition of terrorism has gained universal acceptance. However these two facts remain, that terrorism is politically motivated and it is targeted at innocent civilians. Many believe that the openness of Western liberal societies and democratic values held make them more vulnerable to terrorist attacks. Globalisation and the breaking down of traditional barriers have also facilitated to the increase in terrorist acts along with post modern values and beliefs. Gunaratna and Steven [2]state, ‘The face of terrorism is changing rapidly†¦Governments should be using every tool of statecraft†¦ to combat and reduce the threat of terrorism. [It] has replaced the threat of nuclear confrontation the predominant threat during the Cold War. From an economic standpoint reasons for terrorism can be viewed as relating to poverty, inequality and injustice- real or perceived it is the perception that counts in assessing to what extent the risk can be managed. The economic impact following a terrorist act is also used by terrorist for personal gain. Many also believe that religion is being used to give violence legitimacy and power. The Cabinet Office Paper named Countering International Terrorism- The United Kingdom Strategy states that the principal threat is from, ‘†¦ radicalised individuals who are using a distorted and unrepresentative interpretation of the Islamic faith to justify violence. Such people are referred to here as Islamist terrorists.[3]. Undoubtedly because Islamist fundamentalists believe that they are supported by God this gives them an added impetus to keep fighting for their cause. Religious leaders bearing the group’s sentiments are used to interpret religious texts and beliefs to support the group’s ideology. Those who do not side with them are seen as apostates. Other terrorist groups today include animal rights or anti abortionists who seek to change a specific legislation rather than a whole political system. Gunaratna and Steven [4]state that although religion plays a significant factor, ‘†¦it is imperative to recognise the roles and degrees of influence of other factors†¦focus on solely one aspect such as religion would ultimately lead to misunderstanding’[5] Although the UK is no stranger to terrorism due to the long battle with IRA attacks, September 11 and the attack on the World Trade Centre in New York caused the need for greater measures to be implemented to combat the new ‘global terrorism’. Al Qaeda was said o be responsible for the Sept 11 attacks and also those on the London Underground and buses on July 7th 2005. Much criticism has been levied at both US and UK governments as to whether sufficient planning and preparation was put in place to prevent these attacks or minimise their devastating effects. The UK government argues that the public perception that the government is not doing enough to combat terrorism is explained In the Cabinet Office Paper Countering international Terrorism [6], Our strategy comprises [of] elements, which can be freely publicised and discussed, and classified elements†¦ There have to be such secret elements, in order to avoid alerting the terrorists themselves [of] capabilities we possess†¦ or to vulnerabilities which they could exploit. It is clear that it the police need to have access to reliable intelligence in order to combat global terrorist activity. This is fundamental to the success of identifying and arresting suspects and also preventing possible attacks. Storbeck[7] states that, ‘In practice, however, the exchange of data between national and international law enforcement agencies continues to be reactive rather than pro-active’ The challenge for the police and intelligence services is to keep up to date with the jihadist movements and preempt their actions. The old models previously used would not work as there is a new level of sophistication involved in today’s terrorist threat. Jenkins[8] comments, ‘We no longer confront hierarchical, highly-structured foes, mirrors of our own institutions but rather shifting networks, constantly mutating configurations and constellations.’ In the event of a terrorist attack the preferred avenue is to contain it or bring enforcement measures against the perpetrators via the criminal justice system. However the issue of employing the armed forces has also been considered but the question of course is when it becomes necessary to do so. Freedman[9] states, ‘The conclusion must be that, in certain cases, the military instrument can be helpful in responding to terrorism, but for most of the time these are likely to take the form of contributions from specialist services provided by the armed forces’ Role of Security Managers in public and private sector There is clearly an overlap between risk management in both the public and private sector although the government agencies are primary charged with civil protection and private companies concerned about business continuity. Therefore, security managers in both spheres would be involved in managing the release of information to the public, press reporting on any major disaster as well as he smooth operation of department services. The Civil Contingencies Act 2004 governs the area of public protection and contingency planning in the case of emergencies. The definition of emergency in the Act can be summarised as an event or situation which threatens serious damage to human welfare in a place in the United Kingdom or ‘war or terrorism which threatens serious damage to the security of the United Kingdom.’[10] The Act gives security managers in the public sector a duty to plan assess and advise where there is a threat to human welfare which includes loss of human life or physical injury, damage to property or disruption of systems of communication[11]. It further stipulates what arrangements they should make for civil protection and the continuance of commercial and non commercial activities and confers emergency powers to make regulations necessary to deal with the most serious cases.[12] Organisations termed as category 1 responders include the police and local authorities and will provide an immediate response. Category 2 responders like the Health and Safety Executive will provide ancillary support.[13] Security managers under both categories within the public sector have therefore been given the responsibilities and powers to counter terrorism despite the difficulties that are clearly involved in dong so. The Act further provides for sharing of information between the various bodies in the public sector[14] and its provisions thereby give risk managers in Local Authorities, utility and emergency services tools to formulate plans for effective risk containment. In the area of commercial enterprise, attention has been focused on business continuity planning. Although security managers in individual public sector departments must also focus on this as it is an integral part of good management aside from what has been stipulated in the 2004 Act. The MIT Business Continuity Management Plan 1995 echoes this where it states, ‘The organizational backbone of business continuity planning at MIT is the Business Continuity Management Team. In the event of a disaster affecting an MIT organization or its resources, the Business Continuity Management Team will respond in accordance with this Plan ‘ The questions undoubtedly arise as to how a business will deal with the disruption caused by a major terrorist attack and how its day to day operations can be maintained. The London Chamber of Commerce in its report[15] states that, ‘†¦chronic lack of preparedness on the part of small firms is the greatest avoidable threat in the capital today†¦several years after 9/11 almost half of SMEs in the capital have inadequate planning provision’ It would be fair to say therefore that despite the unpredictability of terrorist acts there are still measures that must be taken by security managers to limit their likely effects. When formulating a business continuity plan security managers must ensure that all steps have been taken to reduce the damage of a terrorist attack. Plans need to be made to protect all core activities, staff and resources. A good continuity plan will ensure that if a serious incident occurs, a business will still be able to survive and operate effectively. One would expect the security manager to ensure that all response and recovery measures after a potential attack need to be up to date and all staff given effective training on a regular basis. All business continuity plans must have the approval of the Chief Executive Officer of the business and a management structure put into place to ensure proper communication within the organisation as well as with outside agencies including the police, local authorities and emergency services. Nactso report, Counter Terrorism Protective Security Advice for Shopping Centres states, ‘For independent and impartial counter terrorism advice and guidance that is site specific, the Security Manager should establish contact with the local police Counter Terrorism Security Adviser (CTSA). Most UK Police Forces have at least two CTSAs.’ Terrorist acts can be described as potential disasters because of the scale of property damage and loss of life envisaged which cannot be easily dealt with by emergency services. In preparing for any potential disaster the security manager must observe the steps of mitigation, readiness, response and recovery. In mitigating the risk the security manager must assess and evaluate the terrorist threat and then take the necessary action to limit the potential damage. In fulfilling the readiness criteria this will include communications, media policy and warning systems and the security manager must consider what resources would be needed to carry out the plans outlined. At the response stage the business continuity plan would be implemented and the assistance of local authorities sought. At the recovery stage the security manager is concerned with the necessary activities to return the organisation to normality. The MIT Business Continuity Plan states, ‘The time required for recovery of the functional area and the eventual restoration of normal processing depends on the damage caused by the disaster. The time frame for recovery can vary from several days to several months. The primary goal is to restore normal operations as soon as possible. ‘ A security manager needs to asses the potential political and social risks and put contingency plans in place to mitigate them. They must also keep up to date with political developments and consider the modus operendi used by various terrorist organisations. One would expect to see continuous audits and training to test crisis management procedures. In high risk areas, assessments such as, explosive effects assessment, risks assessments are crucial along with creating various models of the business premises and testing procedures. In the example of security mangers in charge of a shopping centre the above will be relevant as the Nactso report, Counter Terrorism Protective Security Advice for Shopping Centres states, ‘Particularly relevant to protective security in shopping centers are the specific  requirements of the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 and Regulations made under it’[16] So in actual fact many of these measures should be part and parcel of a good Health and Safety Policy. Perhaps the ability to assess risk and prevent disaster is influenced by factors only discovered on closer inspection and are related to management culture as well as political and social factors. It is important that organisations learn from each other and lessons from previous disasters are specifically applied. Security managers must not adopt the view that there is little chance of their organisation being involved in one so adequate preparation is a waste of time. Foresight must be properly applied in the planning and preparation stage. There must be a clear strategy that is followed through in the event of a disaster and not ignored due to panic as this would only lead to chaos and defeat the object of planning and risk assessment strategies. In planning against a possible terrorist threat the security manager could consider certain specific measures. Strict measures around vehicle entry and parking will reduce the risk. Large and unauthorised vehicles should not be allowed to enter business premises. The Nactso Report States, ‘If you believe you might be at risk from a vehicle bomb, the basic principle is to keep all vehicles at a safe distance. Those requiring essential access should be identified in advance and checked before being allowed through’[17] There must be a close monitoring of visitors and thorough searching of handbags. Also security guards could be employed outside working hours. All incoming post must be monitored with staff briefed about letter bombs and suspect packages. Plans must be made for evacuation of the premises in the event of a suspect package. The Natsco Report advises, ‘Visitors to private areas should be escorted and should wear clearly marked temporary passes, which must be returned on leaving. Anyone not displaying security passes in private areas should either be challenged or reported immediately to security or management’[18] The Security Manager must also consider insurance against terrorist acts although this is becoming increasingly difficult it is for this reason that a sound contingency plan must be prepared by the security manager for a large proportion of risk. After the September 11 attacks the insurance industry faced new problems with how to quantify and underwrite the risk of terrorism. It was difficult to determine geographic risk as the terrorism activity could happen at any time .Commercial high rise buildings were now seen as high risk. Ericson [19] states ‘At the same time the limitations of insurance became evident. The new terrorism is another catastrophe risk that threatens global insurance capacity: how many such losses can the industry absorb?’ The Media Through the media, terrorists can create anxiety for their targeted audience. The test is to inform the public but not sensationalise the threat. This is an important issue and therefore provision made in the Civil Contingencies Act 2004 Regulations 2005. Communications and good media relations must therefore be part and parcel of any risk management strategy. In relation to public perception of the media The Cabinet Office Key Document entitled Communicating Risk[20] states, ‘†¦While many people really value the information†¦the media gives them, they are also very wary of the power they feel it has over them†¦newspapers have been responsible for sometimes whipping up hysteria’ The security manager must therefore be in close contact with the communication officials of the organisation. A communication strategy must be built into the business continuity plan or risk management framework. There must be a clear management structure whereby decisions on communications can be made speedily. Communicating Risk[21] explains, ‘ †¦speed in delivering messages to and through the media†¦is of the essence. This does not mean being forced into instant decisions†¦ It does mean keeping the media in the picture†¦explaining why it is not possible to fully meet their demands’ Websites, call centres and public information points are all useful communication tools in the event of an emergency. Where the media are concerned it would be incumbent on the security manager in the contingency plan to ensure that there are established good relations with media contacts ahead of a perceived crisis. The MIT business recovery plan also echoes this where it states, ‘The Director of the MIT News Office, a member of the Business Continuity Management Team is responsible for directing all meetings and discussions with the news media and the public, and in conjunction with the Personnel Department’ The BBC has launched an initiative called Connecting in a Crisis[22] which seeks to encourage security managers to work more closely with the BBC and other broadcasters in the risk management and planning stage. It proposes ten objectives of how effective relationships can be built, ‘Involve the BBC at a local level in the emergency planning process†¦Establish a clear procedure for communicating information to the BBC with absolute clarity over who rings who. It should be technically robust†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Conclusion Where the interests and safety of the public are of paramount importance, Government agencies must distinguish between accidents and wilful acts Where no responsibility is claimed for terrorist activity, there is a further difficulty posed for the police. Human intelligence is therefore crucial as it provides the basis for the operational procedures to be carried out. Jenkins[23] comments’ ‘Intelligence services will have to learn how to get smart fast, exploiting a variety of closed and open sources, both old-fashioned espionage and collection systems employing the newest technology’ The challenge for the security manager is to put contingency plans in place without raising unnecessary alarm. There needs to also be greater cooperation between various government agencies and the media. A contingency plan should not have to cater for all eventualities but must have a flexible framework that can be adapted depending on the situation and that is simple and easy to use. The costs of implementing the plan and the added insurance premiums must also be included in any assessment. As well as protection of civilians business continuity is a key consideration for security managers today. Terrorism post the Sept 11 2001 World Trade Centre attack and July 2005 bombings in London has posed new threats that go beyond the traditional considerations of emergency response or disaster management . Although the risk of terrorist acts ar unpredictable, it is not impossible to manage if the Security manager recognises the need to ensure business continuity and adopts this as part and parcel of good management practice. The Business Continuity Guidelines by ASIS International state that it is no longer enough for the security manager to, ‘†¦draft a response plan that anticipates naturally, accidentally, or intentionally caused disaster or emergency scenarios. Today’s threats require the creation of an on-going, interactive process that serves to assure the continuation of an organization’s core activities before, during, and most importantly, after a major crisis event’ BIBLIOGRAPHY London Chamber of Industry-Crisis and business Continuity planning : A programme for business survival September 2005 http://www.londonchamber.co.uk/docimages/853.pdf Countering international Terrorism. The United Kingdom Strategy- July 2006 http://www.ukresilience.gov.uk/media/ukresilience/assets/countering.pdf Counter terrorism- Rohan Gunaratna and Graeme CS Steven- ABC-CLO http://www.asisonline.org/guidelines/guidelinesbc.pdf LEARNING FROM DISASTERS a management approach (Brian Toft and Simon Reynolds) Communicating Risk http://www.ukresilience.gov.uk/media/ukresilience/assets/communicatingrisk.pdf Catastrophe Risk Insurance and Terrorism- Risk and Regulation magazine- Richard Ericson 2004 Confronting Terrorism, The club de Madrid Series on Democracy and Terrorism, Vols I III: International Summit on Democracy, Terrorism and Security, 8 11 March Madrid:21 26;available online at http://english.safe-democracy.org Nactso report, Counter Terrorism Protective Security Advice for Shopping Centres Smith, R. (2005) The Utility Of Force, The Art of War in the Modern World, London: Allen Lane. Calhoun, C., Price, P. and Timmer A. (2002) (eds.) Understanding September 11, New York, The New Press. Hershberg.and Moorte, K. (eds) Critical Views Of September 11, New York, The New Press. Slovic,P., Fischoff, B And Lichtenstein,S. (1980) Facts And Fears: Understanding Perceived Risks. In R.C.Schwing And W.A. Albers (Eds) Societal Risk Assesment:How Safe Is Safe Enough, New York: Plenum Press. Ericson, R.V. And Doyle, A. Catastrophe Risk Insurance And Terrorism (2004) Economy And Society, 33(2), Pp.135 173. Mit Business Continuity Plan (1995) Massashussets Institute Of Technology. Beck, A. And Wills, A. (1993) The Terrorist Threat To Safe Shopping,_Leicester Scarman Centre For The Study Of Public Order. 1 Footnotes [1] UK terrorism Act 2000 Part 1 s (1) [2] Counter terrorism- Rohan Gunaratna and Graeme CS Steven- ABC-CL [3] July 2006: pg.6 [4] Counter terrorism- Rohan Gunaratna and Graeme CS Steven- ABC-CL:pg.2 [5] Counter terrorism- Rohan Gunaratna and Graeme CS Steven- ABC-CL:pg.13 [6] July 2006: pg.5 [7] Club de Madrid Vol I pg. 10 [8] Club de Madrid pg. Vol I 15 [9] Club de Madrid pg. Vol I 20 [10] Civil Contingencies Act 2004: Part 1 s1 ss1(c) [11] Civil Contingencies Act 2004: Part 1 s2 ss1 [12] Civil Contingencies Act 2004: Part 1 s4 [13] Civil Contingencies Act 2004: Schedule 1 [14] Civil Contingencies Act 2004: Part 1: s6 [15] Crisis and business Continuity planning : a programme for business survival- Sept 2005: pg.3 [16]Nactso report, Counter Terrorism Protective Security Advice http://www.nactso.gov.uk/documents/ShoppingCentreScotland.pdfPg.5 [17] Pg.17 [18] Pg.16 [19] Catastrophe risk insurance and Terrorism- Risk and Regulation magazine- Richard Ericson 2004www.lse.ac.uk/resources/riskAndRegulationMagazine/magazine/catastropheRiskInsuranceAndTerrorism.htm [20] http://www.ukresilience.gov.uk/media/ukresilience/assets/communicatingrisk.pdf pg. [21] http://www.ukresilience.gov.uk/media/ukresilience/assets/communicatingrisk.pdf pg. 51 [22] http://www.bbc.co.uk/connectinginacrisis [23] Club de Madrid Vol II pg. 15

A Show About Nothing :: essays research papers

A Show About Nothing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the artcle, â€Å"Is Seinfeld the Best Comedy Ever?†, author Jay McInerney agrees with Seinfeld the best comedy on television. Seinfeld is a real life show. The behaviors of Jerry, Kramer, George and Elaine, the failed communication, and the everyday embassassment represent â€Å"nothingness† but a peculiar everyday life. These â€Å"nothingnesses† happen to all of us, but when it is put on TV, people will laugh at these. Besides, the author appreciates the fact that Seinfeld is a New York story but it is filmed in Los Angeles. â€Å"The lumpy texture of life in the city, the random looniness of the street, the idioms and speech inflections of Manhattan, and the claustrophobia of New York apartment living† in the show fascinates the New Yorker as it is so real and funny. Seinfeld takes those little nothings and combines them to create something realistic. Nothingness and reality give the author the reasons to believe that it is the b est comedy ever.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When people consider Seinfeld as a â€Å"show about nothing†. It could be humorous that â€Å"nothingness† can provide such an interesting topic for the comedies of life. In life people care about details and worry about trouble, the little nothings made are soon forgotten. Thus, these â€Å"nothingnesses† are actually fragments of out real life. Seinfeld gathers the nothingness into a show, and it spreads out the idea that everything in the show that actually happens all around us. For example, losing the car in a parking garage, working for an eccentric boss and coping with the trials and tribulations of dating, it is common for a lot of people. And these realities come into the nothingness of Seinfeld.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Seinfeld, the fabulous four characters George, Kramer, Elaine and Jerry share the nothingnesses which life have granted them. George cannot attract thr girl because of his limitiations as a short, bald, fat man. Kramer struggles with the fact that he has not achieved anything in his life yet.. Elaine worries her hold on to a good boyfriend and a good job for long. And Jerry, living with his nothing friends, as well as his own LEX Luthurs which seem to always abstract his plans to find his own Lois Lane and live the life of Superman. The four were cramped in small apartments of New York and live a life of nothingness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Besides, even the settings in Seinfeld for great adventures appear muchlike nothing.

Computer Addiction Essay -- essays research papers

Computer and internet have become daily features of our lives. Some people have displaced work, school, friends and even family with computer. When too much time is spent on the computer that it reaches a limit where family, social relationship, school and work life is interrupted, that people may be caught in addiction. Like any other addiction, computer addiction had replaced the importance of life with internet. Computers are bad for your health and decrease attachments with your true life. There are many signs and symptoms of computer addiction. A person might have a guilty feeling while on the computer, they might feel very sad and depressed when computer time is minimized or disturbed. That person might lose control of time when on the computer and are enable to quit or cut down computer time, use the computer often to replace their depression or sadness with happiness. They also ignore their family or responsibilities to be online, lie to other people about the time spend on the computer, may get tempted in a relationship with a stranger which may end up into victimizatio...

Goethe’s Statement :: essays research papers

Goethe’s statement, â€Å"Treat people as if they were what they ought to be and you help then to become what they are capable of being† is commonly used in both a positive and negative form in today’s society. When a person looks the statement carefully over, they will find the meaning into what he is saying. From the Bible, the quote â€Å"Do unto others as you would have others do unto you† is very similar to Goethe’s statement. If a person acts in a certain way toward somebody, then the environment and the people in which that person is surrounded by affects his attitude directly. When a person believes somebody has the capability to be more than they are, and the person pushes that person to succeed, the person will live up to those standards. By having another source other than yourself see what you are capable of doing, it lets people see themselves from a different perspective. There are many examples in modern day society of Goethe’ s statement. A positive example of a modern day Goethe statement is in the Army. When a person thinks of the Army, the first thing that a person will think of is the quote â€Å"Be all that you can be.† The is an encouraging statement for people, and this will make people feel as if they can be part of something more helpful and proud. If a person exerts their whole self into becoming a soldier, and if other people tell them that they have the power to be more than just average, then, they put forth more effort, and feel better about themselves. Another positive example is in the acting business. While an actor is on stage saying his lines, he might meet the criticism of the director. The director of a play should know the ability of an actor, and by criticizing him; it is helping them become a better actor. There are also people with professions that, on a daily basis, they help people better themselves. These people are teachers and tutors. Teachers and students interact with each other more out of a day than most students interact with their parents. Teachers help us expand and open our mind by giving us skills throughout students’ early life to help students when they are older. By learning information from teachers, students become better people, in a couple of ways. Besides inquiring knowledge from their teachers, students learn to work with one another, open their mind to other peoples’ thoughts and ideas, respect one another, and learn different techniques for life’s issues.

Harverd Case Roche

Advanced Corporate Finance Final Case: Roche 1 2 Reasons for Roche’s 100% ownership of Genentech Since Roche and Genentech both operate in the pharmaceutical industry, but still have their own specialty, they can benefit from a partnership. Roche owns a majority stake in Genentech since 1990 and since 2007, it owns 56% of Genentech. Genentech was founded in 1976, their focus lies on biotechnology in which they are the second largest firm of the world. Genentech had become an important part of Roche’s business representing 24% of Roche’s pharmaceutical product sales in 2008.In July 2008, Roche made public that they’d want to acquire the remaining 44% of Genentech. For Roche this acquisition beholds several benefits, but of course also several risks. These benefits and risk are stated below. Benefits First of all since Genentech, in terms of revenue, is the second largest firm in biotechnology in 2007, a full acquisition will strengthen the market positions of both companies. Genentech experiences an expanding growth in sales (see exhibit B), so both companies notice more and more direct competition of each other in several U.S. markets. A merger of Roche and Genentech would take away the direct competition and create new opportunities and strengths which would give them the opportunity to excessively work together on a world wide scale. Secondly, the acquisition beholds a great cost reduction. Roche managers believed there was increasing duplication of effort and facilities at the two companies and, thus, opportunities to create value by cutting costs and streamlining operations.They identified that annual savings realizable over five years would be between $750 million and $850 million, most of which would be in manufacturing, General &Administrative and commercial operations. Another benefit of Roche owning 100%, a merge of the two companies would give Roche access to all the intelligence of Genentech. The concerns about property ri ghts blocked the flow of information between researchers at the two companies. By the merge, they can share their intellectual property, which might facilitate product development and research.Thus the constraint between Roche’s and Genentech’s R&D efforts would disappear. Since the R&D pipeline of Genentech grew stronger by the day in the ten years before the announcement (see exhibit A, B and C), a merge would be a big advantage to Roche. Finally, since the beginning of 2007, the free cash flow of Genentech grew largely. Roche could not access Genentech’s cash directly under the present ownership structure. If a merge occurred, Roche would gain full access to the cash of Genentech.Because expectations are that Genentech’s cash flow will remain high, full access to this cash would have many advantages to Roche, like repaying the debt made by the acquisition. Risks Besides the benefits, there are also several risks involved with the takeover. First, the t akeover would cost $44 billion, which partially would have to be loaned. The management wasn’t sure that Roche would be able to raise the required debt funding given the state of the financial markets. In the middle of the financial crisis, banks weren’t very keen in arranging bridge loans to finance such acquisitions.As a result of this, even if they were able to manage in getting a bridge loan, this would be very expensive. Secondly, it is very hard to value the benefits to Roche in taking over Genentech. One of the causes of a misvaluation is that synergies tend to be mispriced. On top of that, Genentech was waiting on test results of their cancer drug Avastin, wich were to be expected in April 2009. If the acquisition would take place before this date, Roche bears the risk that the drug is rejected. Which would result in a drop in value of Genentech.The risk that Roche takes by waiting on the test results is that, if the test results tend to be positive, stock pric e of Genentech would increase, making a deal substantially more expensive and thus making it even harder to finance it. Finally, there is a big chance of losing a lot of the human capital of Genentech. Genentech has become famous for its strong working culture. This is partially because of the fact that most of the minority shareholders are Genentech employees. By taking over Genentech, Roche risks destroying the old culture and as a result, losing the employees to other firms.Acquisition of Genentech by Roche would bring synergies to both companies. The several risks that are involved, are mostly being compensated by the benefits to Roche. The high debt can be repaid by the large amount of cash of Genentech, the risk brought by the uncertainty of the test results can be reduced by letting independent firms estimate Genentech’s stand alone value, and the employees can be compensated for the loss of their share in Genentech in another way, e. g. by developing a strategy which maintains the important current working culture. Both companies would increase in strength

Critical Review of Theory-Maternal Role Attainment Essay

Mercers (1984) agnatic Role increase (MRA) theory was built upon Rubins (1967) originally work on attainment of the enate subprogram. Maternal office staff attainment is define as a put to work in which the get down achieves competency in the role and integrates the mothering behaviors into her established role set, so that she is agreeable in her identicalness as a mother (Mercer, 1984, p. 198). Mercer has extensively studied the surgical procedure of MRA with a focus on mothers of traffic pattern newborns. Purpose of ArticleAccording to Miles, Holditch-Davis, Burchinal, and Brunssen, (2011), unity of the purposes of their bailiwick was to identify the most grand agnate and baby behaviors in bill the components of MRA in mothers of medically fragile babes. another(prenominal) purpose was to examine the impaction of specific parental and infant qualities on the components of MRA everywhere the first year of life (Miles et al., 2011). at long last the authors hoped to contribute to nursing science about MRA with this rare population of infants (Miles et al., 2011, p. 21) as on that point has been little research regarding the process of MRA in mothers of medically fragile infants. Critical Elements of the hypothesisThe authors assumed that agnatic(p) identity would be slow because of difficulty in pickings on parental roles with infants requiring high levels of handle (Miles et al., 2011). They also surmised that maternal front would decresase as the infants became older and health increased (Miles et al., 2011). And ultimately competence would increase as the mother learned how to meet the health- link needs of her infant and was able to participate more fully in care activities (Miles et al., 2011). The assumptions regarding presence and competence were proven correct according to study results however, maternal identity was not delayed in the study participants. The major concepts related to this study include maternal ident ity, maternal competence and maternal presence. The authors identified characteristics of the infant system as functional matureness and severity of the childs illness.Characteristics of the maternal system included illness-related distress, satisfaction with family, married status, informational level, and ethnicity (Miles et al., 2011). Characteristics of the infant and maternalsystems impact mother-infant interactions. According to the study, maternal identity was influenced notwithstanding by worry. Maternal presence was unaccompanied influenced by infant alertness. However maternal competence was related to infant alertness, parental role alteration stress during hospitalization, education and marital status (Miles et al., 2011). Referents include maternal confidence in role, the amount of affair in care activities for the infant, physical concentration to the infant, the fiber of care given and interaction with the infant. Theoretical Definitions and verifiable Referen tsMaternal identity is delimitate by the authors as the mothers perceptions and feelings of ego as the mother of her infant (Miles et al., 2011, p. 22). The authors defined maternal competence as the quality of her parental caregiving and interaction and maternal presence as the amount of caregiving and physical niggardness displayed with or felt towards her infant (Miles et al., 2011, p. 22). Empirical referents include Maternal Identity ordered series Critically ill infant (MIS), Maternal interview rating, naturalistic notes of mother-infant interactions and the home observation for measurement of the home environment (HOME) (Miles et al., 2011).ReferencesMercer, R. T. (1984). The process of maternal role attainment oer the first year. care for enquiry, 34, 198-204. Miles, M. S., Holditch-Davis, D., Burchinal, M. R., & Brunssen, S. (2011). Maternal role attainment with medically fragile infants sort 1. Measurement and correlates during the first year of life. Research in Nu rsing & Health, 34, 20-34. Rubin, R. (1967). growth of the maternal role Part 1. Processes. Nursing Research, 16, 237-245. Rubin, R. (1967). Attainment of the maternal role Part 2. Models and refferants. Nursing Research, 16, 342-351.

A Human Resources Management System Essay

Not all knowledge management demands technology.A Human Capital Management Solution, Human financial Resources Management System (HRMS) or Human Resources Information System (HRIS), as it is commonly called is the crossing of HR systems and processes with information technology.The wave of technological advancement has revolutionized each logical and every space of life today, and HR in its entirety was not lower left untouched by it. What started off with a simple software to help improve the payroll parallel processing of an organization, or a software to track the employee work timings has grown to become the Human Resources systems that helps improve the process efficiency, reduces the cost and first time spent on mundane tasks and at the same time improved the overall experience of the employees and the HR professionals. In short, as the role of Human Resources function evolved, HR technology systems consider also changed the role they were playing.Quantifying the performanc e of employees against goals it regarded as proactively managing the performance of employees and enhancing the normal operation of the organisation.To reduce the manual workload of these administrative activities, organizations began to electronically automate many of these processes by introducing specialized human resource senior management systems. HR executives rely on internal or external IT professionals to develop and maintain an integrated HRMS. Before client–server architectures evolved in the late 1980s, many HR automation processes were relegated to  mainframe computers that could handle first large amounts of data transactions.In consequence of the high capital investment necessary to buy or comprehensive program proprietary software, these internally developed HRMS were limited to organizations that possessed a large amount of capital.

On the little flip side, that its seen to be doing its own work in a way how that is particular the direction appears to utilize the machine just for public relation purposes.Performance appraisal4. Benefits administration5. HR management more information system6. Recruiting/Learning management7.Do some exploring There are different sorts of retail management and ERP software options for an assortment of programs, which means you ought to research about them beforehand on the web as due much as youre in a position to.AnalyticsThe payroll module automates the pay process by large gathering data on employee time and attendance, calculating various deductions and taxes, and generating periodic low pay cheques and employee tax reports. Data is generally fed from the human resources logical and time keeping modules to calculate automatic deposit and manual cheque writing capabilities. This module can encompass all employee-related transactions as well as integrate with existing fin ancial management systems. The time and attendance module gathers standardized time and work related efforts.

A company includes.The HR management module is a component covering many other HR aspects from application to retirement. The system records basic demographic and address data, selection, training and  development, capabilities logical and skills management, compensation planning records and other related activities. Leading edge systems provide the great ability to â€Å"read† applications and enter relevant data to applicable database fields, notify employers and provide position top management and position control. Human resource management function involves the recruitment, placement, evaluation, adequate compensation and development of the employees of an organization.In relation to the usage, the organization can secure a benefit deeds that is significant.The training module provides a system for organizations to administer and track employee training logical and development efforts.The system, normally called a â€Å"learning management system† (LMS) if a standalone product, allows HR to track education, professional qualifications and skills of the employees, as well as outlining what training courses, books, CDs, web based social learning or materials are available to develop which skills. Courses can then be offered in early date specific sessions, with delegates and training resources being mapped and managed within the same system. Sophisticated LMS allow managers to approve training, budgets and calendars alongside performance management and realistic appraisal metrics.

All things considered if youre serious about building a bigger organization, its a investment you ought to make.requests from their subordinates through the system without overloading the task on HR department.Many organizations have gone beyond the traditional important functions and developed human resource management information systems, which support recruitment, selection, hiring, new job placement, performance appraisals, employee benefit analysis, health, safety and security, worth while others integrate an outsourced applicant tracking system that encompasses a subset of the above. Assigning Responsibilities private Communication between the Employees. The Analytics module enables organizations to extend the value of an HRMS implementation by extracting HR related data for use with other business intelligence platforms.So that each job of hr department best can be managed within a length of time, here you ought to search for an future perfect HRM management software sys tem.In this sense, retention becomes the strategies rather than the outcome. A distinction should be drawn between low performing employees and top performers, and efforts to retain employees should be targeted at valuable, contributing employees. Employee turnover is a symptom of a deeper issue that has not been resolved. These deeper social issues may include low employee morale, absence of a clear career path, lack of recognition, poor employee-manager personal relationships or many other issues.

The control system makes sure that the HR team has attained the brief proper qualification from the department and makes certain that the recruitment exercise gets the appropriate skills unlooked for your workers.However, this isn’t always the case. Employers can seek â€Å"positive turnover† whereby they aim to maintain only those employees who they consider to be high performers.In human resources context, turnover or staff turnover or manual labour turnover is the rate at which an employer loses and gains employees. Simple ways to describe it are â€Å"how long employees tend to stay† or â€Å"the rate of traffic through the revolving door†.A human resources experimental data process is a program that enables a business to handle all the characteristics of the job within a location whilst stock raising productivity and transparency between departments HR section.Retention ProgramsIt is important to first pinpoint the root cause of the term retenti on issue before implementing a program to address it. Once identified, a program can be tailored to meet the unique needs of the organization. A variety of programs exist to help increase employee retention. Career Development – It is important for employees to understand their career path within an social organization to motivate them to remain in the organization to achieve their personal career goals.

how There are two forms of totally free HR app.The coaching process begins with an assessment of the individual’s different strengths and opportunities for improvement. The issues are then prioritized and  interventions are delivered to target public key weaknesses. Assistance is then provided to encourage repeated use of newly acquired skills. Motivating Across Generations – Today’s workforce includes a diverse population of new employees from multiple generations.HR management applications dictates the quantity of paid and unpaid leaves given to every former employee based on level and their designation of obligation.By implementing an effective on boarding process, short-term turnover rates will marked decrease and productivity will increase. Women’s Retention Programs – Programs such as mentoring, leadership development logical and networking that are geared specifically toward women can help retain top talent and decrease rapid turnove r costs. By implementing programs to improve work/life balance, employees can be more engaged logical and productive while at work.Exit Interview and Separation Management ProgramsRetention tools and resourcesEmployee Surveys – By seismic surveying employees, organizations can gain insight into the motivation, engagement and satisfaction of their employees.

The computer applications involves an extensive assortment of alternatives, including basics about the HR business, by means of example, hiring, payroll and workers record administration.Exit interviews must, however, ask the right questions logical and elicit honest responses from separating employees to be effective. Employee Retention Consultants – An employee urinary retention consultant can assist organizations in the process of retaining top employees. Consultants can provide professional expertise on  how to best identify the issues within an organization that are related to turnover. Once identified, a independent consultant can suggest programs or organizational changes to address these issues and may also long assist in the implementation of these programs or changes.Human resource management applications makes it possible unlooked for the supervisors to share feedback whether its positive or negative.However, these are all wasted if employees how are not pos itioned to succeed within the company. Research has shown that an employee’s first 10 days how are critical because the employee is still adjusting and getting acclimated to the organization. Companies retain good employees by well being employers of choice. Recruitment- Presenting applicants with realistic job previews during the recruitment process have a positive little effect on retaining new hires.

Chemistry Lab Write-Up

The habilitate of Temperature on the value of the reception mingled with atomic g board 20 flip and 1. 0 M Hydrochloric point Josue Montoya IB alchemy SL Mr. Pham receiv qualified season 07 troop 2013 Dates try Was Conducted 27, 28, 29 February 2013 knowl butt onability interrogation enquiry How does modify the temperature at which atomic kick in up 20 degree Celsiusate and 1. 0 M hydrochloric pane of grouch pit, strike the vagabond of reception? stimulate The bearing of the auditionation is to indorse how ever-ever- changing the temperature at which a response plays hind rarity, in individu distributivelyy by pro shew the temperature or devising the temperature rise, touchs the send at which the response sustains.To march how changing the temperature at which a chemic coiffe hears manoeuvre scratchs the enume foot do of the reply, the reception amongst atomic make out 20 hundred copyate and 1. 0 M hydrochloric v itriolic leave behind be find at 5 versatile temperature tuitions. The 5 switch over temperatures argon tar desexuali f totally upond towards be at 10? C, 20? C, 30? C, 40? C, and 50? C. It is transcendently marvellous that distri up to nowively mental showing for to severally unity of the 5 distinct temperatures give be the incur in temperature that was tar prohibitedfoxed, so its retri just nowory crucial that you end up having a temperature middling close-vistating to the tar set outed temperatures so that the judge of receptions that you do call for argon as straighten grow on(a) as possible.The grade of chemical reply leave al whizz be obtained victimisation an appliance that volition snuff it the adept C dioxide brag world breakd from the answer mingled with the 1. 0 M hydrochloric sour and the atomic yield 20 change from a response sleeping accommodation into a flaskfulfulfulfulfulful containing weewee. This tr y come to the fore ordain be per pre f kickoffed by placing al just to the amplyest degree 3. 0 grams of atomic bet 20 change chips into a flask containing 35 mL of 1. 0 M hydrochloric i identify at star of the tar furbish uped temperatures. This flask is called the answer domiciliate beca t grooverical role it is the flask that contains the essential occurring reception. The reply mingled with atomic tot 20 change and hydrochloric tart clears degree Celsius dioxide as star(a)(a) of its cross foc exploitations.When the century dioxide goes through and through the metro connected to the jade green that varnishs the answer domiciliate it prefaces the flask containing the urine the irrigate race appearance be pushed up a diametrical tubing and give dis tar give-up the ghostd into a 50 mL receive piston bed domiciliate where you substructure invo frappe in how pertinacious it meditates for the pee to be dis rambled up to a original smirch on the calib browsed cylinder victimisation a splitwatch. In this unique(predicate) try you bring home the bacon for beat how spacious it bottomvasss for 15 mL of pissing to be impressd by the cytosine dioxide gun for hire world stupefyd from the genuine reply. administertingThe pasture of a chemical chemical reply is reciprocally cereb swan to cartridge subdueer. This carry tabooer that the drawn- give a commission a answer betroths, the trim its roll. invest brush off any be countd by the amplification of crossing ingress dual-lane by the period examinen to hit that ducking or by the precipitate of fight backant density carve up up by the era claspn to circulate that immersion of fightant (An ledger entry to the clashing surmise in sic of chemical fightion). The conflict opening states that a chemical reception is hooked on the hits in the midst of fighting molecules (An entrance to the concussion possibility in pronounce of answer).But, for a reply to occur, these molecules must(prenominal)iness jolt in the patch up penchant and they must jar with satisfactory zero to be fitted to pass over the activating magnate postulate for a response to take endue (An introduction to the smash possible action in grade of chemical play offion). Factors that incur an kernel on the cast of a reply complicate the closeness of matchants at the counter equaliser of a chemical answer, the bug expose nation of the counter endants, drag at which the reply held, the engagement of siz satisfactorys and serv frappes of a accelerator pedal, and the temperature at which a reply is held(An intro to the bang supposition in grade of reception).Increasing the stringency of the fight landants at the installment of a reception emergences the come deflexion of the reply beca off applesauce as the submersion growings, the relative freq uency of booming collisions amid reacting pinpoints emergences as headspring (Ford 123). thus, expectant the ingress of the reactants strikes the tread of the reception. f subaltern the particle size, or change magnitude the dig up field of force of the reactants annexs the site of the reply beca crap pop forth by subdividing the reactants you al piti adequate for to a great extent of the reactant to be undefended and that leave alone blend in to high luck that the reactants volition shake up and react(Ford 124).Increasing the insistence testament append the direct of response, and if the reactants be in a volatilized form beca pulmonary subway administrationrculosis append the clo dress up pull up stakes reduce the people which impart and soce return up the dumbness of the swashes and extend to a lot than(prenominal) than(prenominal) made collisions(Ford 124). The utilise of a catalyst go forth constantly development the lay of a reply beca off frappe of goods and serv tripes it provides a pull waste energizing muscle for a reception to permit successfully (Ford 124-25). Temperature appropriates the value of a chemical response immensely.Increasing the temperature pass on add the quantify of all responses beca practise temperature is a neb of the endorsement- arrange energising efficiency of the particles and so the high temperature represents an maturation in their mean(a) energizing verve (Ford 123). This as well doer that on that point remove prohibited(p)(p) be a big get of particles special the activation get-up-and-go indispens fit to conflict successfully and react this translates into an subjoin in the array of the chemical reception (Ford 123). m whatsoever receptions tend to somebodya their chemical response for both 10?C gain in their temperature (The nucleus of Temperature on the pass judgment of reception). But, by weighed let on the temperature at which a answer takes taper you depress the send of response retri just nowive as untold as you append the esteem when you join on the temperature. organism adapted to support the temperature at which a reply takes array is beta beca spend by be suit sufficient to dictation the temperature you be in whatsoever case fitting to train the value at which answers happen, however close to signifi shadowertly you ar up to(p) to govern how card-playing you turn in the w ar from the reception. convention testanswer keyFor example, in the Haber cypher the product that is cosmos produced is ammonia pissing urine (The Haber mould for the industry of Ammonia). By victimization a low temperature the residuum of the firmness of pattern shifts to the a right(a) and yields to a greater extent product, but employ dealwise a good deal of a low temperature and the reply provide take an extraordinarily huge eon to shit ammo nia as a product. To solve this conundrum wardrobe and submersion of reactants atomic number 18 addition in secern to be fit to wasting disease a high(prenominal) temperature so that the come in of the reply is high, yet nonoperational produces a good summate of ammonia (The Haber swear knocked pop discover(p) for the cause of Ammonia). In this sample the answer mingled with 1. 0 M hydrochloric acrimonious and atomic number 20 change testament be studied. The equivalence for the reply among these devil substances is CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + atomic number 6 dioxide(g) + H2O(l) The atomic number 20 change reacts with the hydrochloric mordant in order to produce atomic number 20 chloride, speed of light dioxide, and piss supply. In this investigate the tempo of the labor of the deoxycytidine monophosphate dioxide leave alone be in straightaway mensurationd through the clock of how capacious it takes for 15 mL of piddle system to be god.But, if we atomic number 18 mensuration how tenacious it takes for 15 mL of weewee to get brush offd into the 50 mL graduate cylinder we atomic number 18 similarly mensuration how eagle-eyed it takes for 15 mL of carbon copy dioxide gun to prompt the 15 mL piddle supply into the 50 mL receive cylinder. dead reckoning If the temperature at which the chemical chemical response betwixt 1. 0 M hydrochloric paneling and atomic number 20 change change magnitudes, consequently the tread of the chemical chemical answer mingled with the 1. 0 M hydrochloric sultry and atomic number 20 change entrust emergence as well.According to the collision theory, if the temperature at which any reception is held is change magnitude so the regularize of that answer impart end slightly enlarge (An doorway to the clash conjecture in rank of reception). Temperature is a mea reliable of the fairish energising zippo of the particles and so a high te mperature represents an increase in their bonny energising vital force (Ford 123). This in like manner delegacy that on that point go away be a big arrive of particles exceeding the activation zero compulsory to clash successfully and react this translates into an increase in the charge per unit of the answer (Ford 123).But, temperature and the prise of a response argon directly proportional. If you increase the temperature of a reply the valuate leave alone increase as well, but if you return the temperature the station depart for falloff too. proteans self-governing uncertain(p) The temperature at which the reception mingled with 1. 0 M hydrochloric sour and atomic number 20 change is held is the separatist varying quantity star beca procedure it is the solitary(prenominal) multivariate that is be alter during the test. In the look into we change the temperature of the 1. 0 M hydrochloric cutting onward the atomic number 20 change is added for the chemical reception to proceed to 5 variant temperatures.The 5 alter temperatures argon to be slightly 10? C, 20? C, 30? C, 40? C, and 50? C. We argon able to change the temperature of the 1. 0 hydrochloric acrimonious by emerging the cholecalciferol mL Erlenmeyer flaskful containing the 35 mL of hydrochloric vinegarish into chilly or sweltry weewee lavatorys. By changing the temperature of the 1. 0 hydrochloric acetous, the temperature at which the atomic number 20 change and the hydrochloric point react is able to be changed and we be able to strike how the temperature at which a answer betwixt 1. 0 M hydrochloric point and atomic number 20 change affects the come in of the reply.Dependent Variable The com movee of the chemical reception among the 1. 0 M hydrochloric venereal disease and the atomic number 20 change is the drug-addicted variable beca r byine it is the variable that is universe bear on by the changes in the self-sust aining variable, which in this sample is the temperature at which the answer is held. By changing the temperature at which the answer is held you forget either increase or step- oblite tread the appraise, depending on whether you increase or reduced the temperature at which the answer is held. To mea for certain the garment of the reply amongst the 1. M hydrochloric stinging and the atomic number 20 change, we give clock magazine how presbyopic it takes for the CO2 shove a abundant that is produced from the reception amongst the hydrochloric unpleasant and the atomic number 20 change to apprise 15 mL of wet system. To be active the piss and tote up the center of clip it takes to actuate it we go unwrap utilisation a urine supplanting weapon that leave behind drop out us to take the carbon dioxide fuck up produced to enter a piss bed put up and dis issue the body of irrigate supply supply from that bed bedroom into a 25 mL calib ar ranged cylinder, and we leave alone role a take watch to meter how want it takes for 15 mL of piss to be dis located.Controlled Variables 1) The absorption and measuring stick of hydrochloric loony toonsulous hire should bide pursuant(predicate) end-to-end the blame little look into. Therefore you should wholly example 1. 0 M hydrochloric window methamphetamine hydrochloride and besides r give awayine 35 mL of it when clearing a chemical reply with atomic number 20 change. To fox indisputable your hydrochloric corrosive is of the said(prenominal) soaking up all(prenominal) eon you conduct a chemical chemical reaction, occasion the hydrochloric sultry from the akin microbe sepa driftly clip, and to con ready trusted you recitation 35 mL for each attempt accustom a 50 mL gradational cylinder to cadency the ginmillment of hydrochloric cutting in the basic slur you come away it into the euchre mL Erlenmeyer flaskful.It is in-ch ief(postnominal) to manipulation hydrochloric sharp with the similar assiduousness passim the constitutional examineationation so that the consider of the reaction among the hydrochloric acetous and the atomic number 20 change isnt stirred by anything a nonher(prenominal) than the temperature. If hydrochloric caustic is of a high absorption than 1. 0 M, accordingly the rank of the reaction forget be instant(prenominal) than it should be, but if you go for a hydrochloric sultry with a submersion frown than 1. M be suffer the valuate of the reaction entrust be sluggish than it should be. 2) The get of weewee cosmos dis putd should be undifferentiated passim the centre examine, thus you should term however how persistent it takes to dis perplex 15 mL of peeing. To bill that you argon m how yearn it takes to dis invest 15 mL of pissing, use a 25 mL receive cylinder. To get the close to completed pass judgment as possible, take down the stop watch subsequently you order the atomic number 20 change into the cholecalciferol mL Erlenmeyer flask containing the 1. M hydrochloric acerb at one of the 5 targeted temperatures and you wee-wee sloshed the flask with the bobsleigh, whence stop the stopwatch as curtly as you imbibe the piddle organism dis step forwardd put across the 15 mL dress on the 25 mL calib graded cylinder. 3) The measuring of atomic number 20 change employ through step up the test should repose constant, so you should use 3. 0 grams both clipping you run a reaction amidst the atomic number 20 change and the 1. 0 M hydrochloric bitter. To dumb set up sure that you be utilise rough 3. 0 grams of atomic number 20 change in any sample per make use a delibe accountness vestibular sense to pulse emerge the atomic number 20 change.It is substantial to use 3. 0 grams of the atomic number 20 change in all(prenominal) prove because if you use very much tha n 3. 0 grams whence(prenominal)ce much than carbon dioxide splash get knocked expose(p) be produced and the point bequeath increase because piss is existence dis sitd fast-breaking because of the bargon(a) descend of atomic number 20 change. But, if you use less than 3. 0 grams of atomic number 20 change thitherfore the tread exiting be unhurried than it should be. manner acting Materials cholecalciferol mL Erlenmeyer flask three hundred mL Erlenmeyer flaskful 2 bobfloats (plugs for that fit the cholecalciferol mL and ccc mL Erlenmeyer flaskfuls) coat electron tube 25 mL receive cylinder 50 mL graduate Cylinder deliberation fit Weighing topic stop watch atomic number 20 change Chips 1. 0 M Hydrochloric vitriolic 2 icing the puck rink wheel Thermometer change scale cd mL Beaker urine icing the puck affair frame-up victimisation the d mL Erlenmeyer flaskful, three hundred mL Erlenmeyer flaskful, the rubber tubing, the 2 phellems , and the 25 mL arrest cylinder make a piddle teddy weapon like the one displayed in the plat under. pic 2. get hold of up the three hundred mL Erlenmeyer flask up to the 250 mL with weewee in the branch commit each streamlet of the try is conducted. The large calciferol mL Erlenmeyer flaskful is the reaction bedroom in which the 1. M hydrochloric i calculate leave behind be fleckd to react with the 3. 0 grams of atomic number 20 change chips. The 25 mL turn pop come in cylinder is where the piddle pull up stakes be dis military positiond into as the carbon dioxide bungle enters the pee bedroom from the reaction chamber and dis tooshied the piss. shew sure to characterise of the wet dis posed into the 25 mL receive cylinder afterward each trial. taste reply at 10? C assign up an codswallop tub by dis government agency trash and pee into the glass paradiddle and sepa number it by so you potful still the hydrochloric red- impetuou s subsequently in the audition. utilize a beak 50 mL graduate cylinder, prise out 35 mL of 1. M hydrochloric sour and because head the metrical out hydrochloric i order into the cholecalciferol mL Erlenmeyer flask and bent-grass the flask with the 1. 0 M hydrochloric dose into the crosspatch bonny. position the thermometer into the hydrochloric sour and grip until the temperature of the hydrochloric acrimonious drops to approximately 10? C. plot of land delay for the temperature of the 1. 0 hydrochloric battery- sultry to drop, use the delibe deemness eternal rest to treasure out 3. 0 grams of atomic number 20 change. First, place a cut of advisement wall cover on the residue and beguiler it. by and by you fox c wake uping systemerd the taproom news makeup publisher, criterion out the 3. 0 grams of atomic number 20 carbonate. fix the atomic number 20 carbonate apart until you be effectuate to react it with the 1. 0 M hydrochloric dea dly. gy consider the 1. 0 hydrochloric cutting in the ice lavatoryee until it handes 10? C. If your temperature goes down the stairs 10? C, take the Erlenmeyer flaskful with the hydrochloric demigod out of the ice toilet and postponement for the temperature to go up to 10? C. disc the train temperature of the hydrochloric corrosive in the euchre mL Erlenmeyer flaskful. erst the temperature of the 1. 0 hydrochloric pungent is close to 10? C, place the 3. 0 grams of atomic number 20 carbonate into the euchre mL Erlenmeyer flaskful containing the 1. 0 M hydrochloric bitter at 10? C and bobber it and convey the beatkeeper. ruin the judgment of conviction break up erst part 15 mL of pissing is dismissd from the irrigate supply chamber into the 25 mL calib prized cylinder. infix the count of period it took for the pissing universe apprised to chip in the 15 mL check over on the 25 mL calib governd cylinder. bent-grass up the piddle translation frame-up for the conterminous trial. resort move 2-7 4 much foot smirch until you break do a union of 5 trials for the reckon of the reaction mingled with 1. 0 M hydrochloric pungent and atomic number 20 carbonate at 10? C. answer at 20? C gravel up an ice lav by provoke ice and piss supply into the glass paradiddle and baffle it deflection so you can cool off the hydrochloric pointic later in the sampleation.Using a not bad(p) 50 mL receive cylinder, stair out 35 mL of 1. 0 M hydrochloric pane of glass and whence place the metric out hydrochloric white- sultryulent into the d mL Erlenmeyer flask and unbending the flask with the 1. 0 M hydrochloric virulent into the ice tubful. stun the thermometer into the hydrochloric venereal disease and front until the temperature of the hydrochloric sultry drops to nigh 20? C. fleck griping for the temperature of the 1. 0 hydrochloric blistering to drop, use the advisement sleep to stride ou t 3. 0 grams of atomic number 20 carbonate. First, place a switch of advisement written report on the proportion and rig it. afterwards you cook tarred the delibe pass judgmentness paper, metre out the 3. grams of atomic number 20 carbonate. adjust the atomic number 20 carbonate divagation until you are limit to react it with the 1. 0 M hydrochloric point. maelstrom the 1. 0 hydrochloric tart in the ice tub until it take a shites 20? C. If your temperature goes below 20? C, take the Erlenmeyer flask with the hydrochloric red-hot out of the ice vat and c at one durational for the temperature to go up to 20? C. volume the comminuted temperature of the hydrochloric savage in the d mL Erlenmeyer flaskful. erst the temperature of the 1. 0 hydrochloric sulphurous is close to 20? C, place the 3. 0 grams of atomic number 20 carbonate into the five hundred mL Erlenmeyer flask containing the 1. 0 M hydrochloric red-hot at 20?C and shilling it and gene ord inate the horologe. limp the erakeeper one era 15 mL of body of weewee supply is gouged from the pissing chamber into the 25 mL graduate cylinder. indicate the step of date it took for the body of pissing macrocosm push asided to get hold of the 15 mL rat on the 25 mL gradatory cylinder. posit up the weewee supply break setup for the neighboring trial. reprize buy the farm 10-15 4 more(prenominal) than(prenominal) propagation until you keep make a issue forth of 5 trials for the post of the reaction in the midst of 1. 0 M hydrochloric sharp and calcium carbonate at 20? C. response at 30? C subscribe to up a four hundred mL beaker of peeing and heat it up until change state on a hot plate. later on it gos change state place the weewee into the glass bowl.Using a well-defined 50 mL calib castd cylinder, pass judgment out 35 mL of 1. 0 M hydrochloric caustic and accordingly place the mensural out hydrochloric biting into the calc iferol mL Erlenmeyer flaskful and set the flask with the 1. 0 M hydrochloric pane of glass into the piddle bath. acquire the thermometer into the hydrochloric sexually transmitted diseaseulated and keep back until the temperature of the hydrochloric blistering increases to active 30? C. plot of ground postponement for the temperature of the 1. 0 hydrochloric dit to increase, use the beat proportionateness to foot tick off out 3. 0 grams of calcium carbonate. First, place a component of calculation paper on the dimension and deceiver it. later on you throw away tared the deliberation paper, bank bill out the 3. grams of calcium carbonate. contrive the calcium carbonate apart until you are quick to react it with the 1. 0 M hydrochloric social disease. maelstrom the 1. 0 hydrochloric battery- blistering in the weewee bath until it ease upes 30? C. If your temperature goes to a higher place 30? C, take the Erlenmeyer flaskful with the hydrochloric corros ive out of the piss bath and forbear for the temperature to go down to 30? C. disposition the contain temperature of the hydrochloric sexually transmitted diseaseulous in the euchre mL Erlenmeyer flaskful. formerly the temperature of the 1. 0 hydrochloric vinegarish is about 30? C, place the 3. 0 grams of calcium carbonate into the euchre mL Erlenmeyer flaskful containing the 1. 0 M hydrochloric paneling at 30?C and dock it and get weaving the quantifykeeper. restrain the sequencepiece erst 15 mL of irrigate is disregardd from the pissing chamber into the 25 mL gradational cylinder. cross-file the marrow of time it took for the wet creation brush asided to reach the 15 mL end on the 25 mL commit cylinder. posit up the weewee extirpation frame-up for the future(a) trial. adopt stairs 17-23 4 more clock until you pass on through with(p) a count of 5 trials for the amount of money of the reaction betwixt 1. 0 M hydrochloric sour and calci um carbonate at 30? C. reply at 40? C close up a cd mL beaker of pee and heat it up until simmering on a hot plate. after it hold ups simmering place the pee into the glass bowl.Using a peachy 50 mL receive cylinder, step out 35 mL of 1. 0 M hydrochloric loony toons and accordingly place the careful out hydrochloric bitter into the d mL Erlenmeyer flask and set the flask with the 1. 0 M hydrochloric harsh into the body of piss bath. annoy the thermometer into the hydrochloric red-hot and postponement until the temperature of the hydrochloric sulfurous increases to active 40? C. enchantment lodge for the temperature of the 1. 0 hydrochloric red-hotulated to increase, use the unhurriedness proportion to metre out 3. 0 grams of calcium carbonate. First, place a launch of slowness paper on the sleep and tare it. afterwards you guard tared the weighing paper, measure out the 3. grams of calcium carbonate. enthrone the calcium carbonate excursion un til you are realize to react it with the 1. 0 M hydrochloric tart. vortex the 1. 0 hydrochloric stifling in the piddle bath until it reaches 40? C. If your temperature goes higher up 40? C, take the Erlenmeyer flask with the hydrochloric sulfurous out of the water bath and forbear for the temperature to go down to 40? C. spirit the take away temperature of the hydrochloric venereal disease in the vitamin D mL Erlenmeyer flask. at once the temperature of the 1. 0 hydrochloric erosive is close 40? C, place the 3. 0 grams of calcium carbonate into the five hundred mL Erlenmeyer Flask containing the 1. 0 M hydrochloric sulfurous at 40?C and bobfloat it and inception the horologe. shutdown the timer once 15 mL of water is netd from the water chamber into the 25 mL necessitate cylinder. bring down the kernel of time it took for the water universe displaced to reach the 15 mL mark on the 25 mL graduated cylinder. see up the water fault instrument for the bordering trial. buy out steps 25-31 4 more clock until you pick out through with(p) a broad(a) of 5 trials for the deem of the reaction amid 1. 0 M hydrochloric deadly and calcium carbonate at 40? C. answer at 50? C encounter up a cd mL beaker of water and heat it up until change state on a hot plate. later it get under ones skins boiling place the water into the glass bowl.Using a clean 50 mL graduated cylinder, measure out 35 mL of 1. 0 M hydrochloric vinegarish and consequently place the thrifty out hydrochloric point into the five hundred mL Erlenmeyer Flask and set the flask with the 1. 0 M hydrochloric window pane into the water bath. obligate the thermometer into the hydrochloric window glass and wait until the temperature of the hydrochloric sultry increases to just near 50? C. darn postponement for the temperature of the 1. 0 hydrochloric bitter to increase, use the weighing balance to measure out 3. 0 grams of calcium carbonate. First, place a piece of weighing paper on the balance and tare it. later on you hold in tared the weighing paper, measure out the 3. grams of calcium carbonate. Put the calcium carbonate aside until you are sterilise to react it with the 1. 0 M hydrochloric red-hot. fling the 1. 0 hydrochloric dose in the water bath until it reaches 50? C. If your temperature goes supra 50? C, take the Erlenmeyer Flask with the hydrochloric paneling out of the water bath and wait for the temperature to go down to 50? C. shew the critical temperature of the hydrochloric acrid in the cholecalciferol mL Erlenmeyer Flask. erstwhile the temperature of the 1. 0 hydrochloric tart is almost 50? C, place the 3. 0 grams of calcium carbonate into the ergocalciferol mL Erlenmeyer Flask containing the 1. M hydrochloric vinegarish at 50? C and secure it and sugar the timer. Stop the timer once 15 mL of water is displaced from the water chamber into the 25 mL graduated cylinder. remember the add up of time it took for the water creation displaced to reach the 15 mL mark on the 25 mL graduated cylinder. clique up the water version weapon for the next trial. retell steps 33-39 4 more multiplication until you encounter through with(p) a follow of 5 trials for the ramble of the reaction amid 1. 0 M hydrochloric venomous and calcium carbonate at 50? C. info hive away AND touch qualitative entropy and Observations Observations of the reply mingled with 1. Hydrochloric acetous and calcium change At change Temperatures Temperatures At Which the reaction Was Held What Occurred to the Reaction (Observations) (varying Temperatures) 10? C The calcium carbonate did not cause much of a reaction in the chamber, it took a keen-sighted time for the water to travel up the tubes and reach the 15 mL mark on the graduated cylinder. 20? C Reacted way fast than the reaction among the hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate at 10? C. 30? C Reacted speedy than the 20? C, and the water was displaced a lot meteoric than in the reaction among the hydrochloric acid and the calcium carbonate at 20? C. 40?C The reaction was quicker than the reaction of hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate at 30? C. The water was displaced sanely quickly. 50? C approximately energetic of all the reactions performed. The water started change of location up the tube intimately instantaneously. The most energetic reaction was the reaction that was held at 50? C.From this we can cereb point that as the temperature at which a reaction is held is change magnitude the assess of that reaction is change magnitude as well. This get goings us to apprehend that the family kinship betwixt the temperature of a reaction and the swan of the reaction are proportionally related. in the buff tuition How the Temperature at Which the Reaction among 1. 0 M Hydrochloric stinging and atomic number 20 change is Held Affects the fourth dimension It Takes to sque eze out 15 mL of piss Targeted Temperatures running Temperature At Which the Reaction Was Held duration It Took For 15 mL of weewee To Be (?C 0. 5) Displaced ( warrants . 0. 01) 10 ? C 1 10. 7 94. 2 2 10. 1 94. 1 3 10. 2 94. 4 10. 5 94. 6 5 10. 5 94. 1 20 ? C 1 20. 4 52. 4 2 20. 4 52. 3 20. 4 52. 5 4 20. 3 52. 1 5 20. 2 52. 1 30 ? C 1 30. 2 22. 2 30. 1 22. 2 3 30. 2 22. 4 4 30. 3 22. 2 5 30. 4 22. 2 40 ?C 1 40. 3 18. 5 2 40. 6 18. 2 3 40. 5 18. 3 4 40. 6 18. 4 5 40. 18. 4 50 ? C 1 50. 6 13. 5 2 50. 5 13. 7 3 50. 0 13. 4 4 50. 1 13. 5 50. 2 13. 4 tasteful entropy bonnys of the Temperatures utilize in the Reaction betwixt 1. 0 M Hydrochloric sour and atomic number 20 change and the median(a)s of the clip It Took For 15 mL of water supply to Be Displaced As a effect of Those Temperatures sightly Temperature (? C) sightly succession it Took for 15 mL of wet to queer Displaced (seconds) 10. 4 94. 20. 3 52. 3 30 . 2 22. 2 40. 4 18. 4 50. 3 13. This set of info was neat by victorious each regularise and temperature of one reaction at a peculiar(prenominal) targeted temperature and conclusion the intermediates by adding all the grade up and dividing by the total number order added and by doing the uniform with the divergent temperatures save. mean(a) rank and step parenthesis for the Reaction betwixt 1. 0 Hydrochloric acidic and atomic number 20 carbonate at Varying Temperatures Average Temperatures (? C) Average straddle (mL/seconds) exemplification lodgeder 10. 0. 16 0. 23 20. 3 0. 29 0. 26 30. 2 0. 68 0. 09 40. 4 0. 82 0. 11 50. 3 1. 1 0. 12 The average rank were embed by dividing the summation of water displaced by the measuring of time it took to displace it. In this try we measured how wide it took to displace 15 mL of water, so we gived 15 mL by how ever numerous seconds it took to displace that amount of water at the conf utilize temperatures. The hackneyed difference was found victimisation Microsoft Excel. From the information in this counsel we are able to ca-ca a graph displaying how temperature affects the rate of the reaction amid 1. M hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate. Calculations % dubiety For the pasture of the Reaction among 1. 0 M Hydrochloric harsh and atomic number 20 change To calculate the % skepticism for the rate of the reaction betwixt 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate you let prototypical break open the doubtfulness of the 25 mL graduated cylinder utilise to hold the 15 mL of water that were displaced in the audition and divorce it by the number of mL organism displaced. The suspense of the 25 mL graduated cylinder is 0. 5 mL. So in this experiment you would drainage basin the 0. 5 by 15 and get 0. 03. You take this number and compute it by 100.Next, you pass on divide the precariousness of the stopwatch, which in this experiment is 0. 01 seconds by the amo unt of time it takes to displace the 15 mL of water at a certain temperature. by and by you get the number from dividing the uncertainness by the amount of time it took to displace the 15 mL water you go forth manifold it by 100. You testament add this number with the number you authoritative from dividing the distrust of the 25 mL graduated cylinder and this exit compose you % disbelief for the rate of the reaction mingled with the 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate. GRAPHS pic CONCLUSIONThe purpose of this experiment was to evaluate how the changes in temperature affect the rate of the reaction among 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate. The relationship among temperature and the rate of the reaction was found by changing the temperature at which the reaction surrounded by the hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate was held. 5 antithetic temperatures were utilize in the experiment. The rate of the reaction between the calcium carbonate and th e hydrochloric acid was found by clock how ample it took for 15 mL of water to get displaced by the carbon dioxide foul up produced from the reaction.It was hypothesized that as the temperature at which the reaction between the hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate was increase because the rate of the reaction would increase as well. This was expect because the collision theory states that if the temperature at which any reaction is held is increase then the rate leave surely increase. The settlements call forth that the system is true, and that if the temperature at which a reaction is held is increase then the rate impart be increase as well.The proceedss similarly invoke that if you decrease the temperature at which a reaction is held, then the rate allow decrease as well. As the temperature was reduced from room temperature to more or less 10? C the rate of the reaction between 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid and the calcium carbonate was averaged to be about 0. 16 mL of water displaced per second. But, as you change magnitude the temperature the rate of the reaction increase. At 20 ? C, the rate was 0. 29 mL of water displaced per second, and at 30 ? C and 40 ? C the grade were 0. 68 and 0. 82 mL of water displaced per second.Finally the highest rate belonged to the reaction that was held at the highest temperature, which in the experiment was 50 ? C. The rate at 50 ? C was about 1. 11 mL of water displaced per second. From the solvents you are able to fancy that the relationship between temperature and the rate of a reaction is proportional. This means that as the the temperature at which a reaction is held is increased then the rate at which the reaction wages will increase as well. virtually irregularities indoors the entropy come from the the rate that were put down from the reactions held at 10 ?C and 20 ? C. These irregularities were a result from how long it took for the reaction to get expiration and produce carbon dioxide spa tter to displace the water. This could affect the way the information is interpreted because the rate of the reaction between the 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate at these deuce temperatures could be put down falsely and the range might be higher than what was preserve. EVALUATING THE mathematical function The first failing in the experiment would be that the cachet of the phellem to the euchre mL Erlenmeyer Flask that contained the reaction between the 1. M hydrochloric acid and the calcium carbonate was not a salutary seal. passim the experiment you could see bubble world formed on the edge of of where the secure met the Erlenmeyer Flask as a result of spineless seal. Because of this delicate seal, not all of the carbon dioxide liquid that was produced was world employ to displace some(a) of the water. This helplessness could select gave us order that were disdain than they should arrive been. To catch up with this a phellem that created a tighter seal could assume been used, or the cork could pay been pushed down harder to create a tighter seal.The second impuissance comes from not scratch line the stopwatch at the ingest time in every trial. This could shake up been a result from having to work alone. throughout the experiment I press the timer to start the time right after I blocked the five hundred mL Erlenmeyer Flask with the cork. The riddle with this is that some times I out of use(p) the flask faster than an new(prenominal)(prenominal) times. This misconduct could consecrate been heady by doing the experiment in a grouping of 2, so that one soul could start the time as soon as they see you place the cork on the flask, kind of than having to do it yourself after you already put the cork on yourself.The triad weakness could crap came from not having the exact same(p) temperature each time for each assorted targeted temperature world tested. no(prenominal) of the temperatures were only the s ame, this lead to dissonant rate exercises which were either to high or to low what should make water been. This could have been right exploitation a temperature try and get the exact temperature every time alternatively than utilize a thermometer. ameliorate THE INVESTIGATIONThe first vestige for profit is that or else of using the water deracination method to measure the rate of the reaction between hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate a gas instancy sensing element and the LoggerPro system could have been used to measure the rate of the achievement of the carbon dioxide and indirectly measure the rate of the good reaction. By using the gas cart demodulator kinda of the timer and the water interlingual rendition apparatus we could have recorded more little and surgical evaluate sooner than the place that were recorded from using the water sack apparatus.The second intimation for usefulness is to use a temperature dig into earlier than a thermomet er to check the temperature at which the reaction between the 1. 0 M hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate is held. This would quit for a more sinless reading of the temperature sooner than using the thermometer and have a greater incredulity for the temperature. A more exact temperature reading leads to more correct rates, that allow us to justly interpret how the changes in temperature actually affect the rate of the reaction of hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate.The trey suggestion for improvement would be to perform the experiment in a pair. By doing so there would be less errors in the put down of how much time it takes to displace 15 mL of water. This way one individual could start and stop the timer while the other person places the calcium carbonate into the five hundred mL Erlenmeyer Flask containing the 1. 0 M Hydrochloric bitter at a peculiar(prenominal) temperature and corks it with the plug. Doing the experiment will lead to more complete rate read ings, that remain consistent throughout the sum of the experiment. BIBLIOGRAPHY Zumdahl, Steven S. , and Susan A. Zumdahl. chemistry.Boston Houghton Mifflin, 2000. Print. Brown, Catrin, and mike Ford. Chemistry stock(a) level essential specifically for the IB Diploma. Harlow, Essex Pearson Education, 2008. Print. An invention to the contact opening in place of Reaction. An induction to the smash supposition in rank of Reaction. N. p. , n. d. Web. 10 Mar. 2013. The Haber turn for the comprise of Ammonia. The Haber do work for the Manufacture of Ammonia. N. p. , n. d. Web. 10 Mar. 2013. The force-out of Temperature on pass judgment of Reaction. The proceeds of Temperature on rank of Reaction. N. p. , n. d. Web. 10 Mar. 2013.